Essay on Psychopathology and Abnormal Psychology Essay

angiotensin converting enzyme of the most contr each(prenominal) oversial aspects of community throughout history plenty be seen in the way society views people with illnesses. Often clock, people persecute their fellowmen just because they do non seem normal or they seem to not belong with the current society. These problems have led to the development of a branch of psychology which aimed to look at the causes and other related information that formed these noetic illnesses. This branch of psychology came to be known as deviant psychology. Abnormal psychology is that segment of the battleground which studies mental illnesses and anomalous air.The field covers problems such(prenominal) as depression, obsession, and even sexual deviation. The field also traced the symptoms, etiology, effects, and how these illnesses are maintained. Before we study abnormal psychology though, we must first look into what people see as abnormal. Historically, many of the earliest civilizati ons holding mental disorders and illnesses as manifestations of evil spirits some even have practices which remove parts of the skull victimization primitive tools as a means of releasing these evil spirits.As time progressed though, people such as priests, shamans, and witch doctors have been employed to supposedly rid these individuals of the malicious spirits which inhabit their bodies. During the times of the Greeks and the Romans, diagnosing and identifying mental illnesses have become more scientific. However, during this period, mystical and supernatural explanations still prevail over the ideas of modern science. One example is Homer, according to him, mental illnesses are caused by God, taking away the minds of the victims.It is not until Hippocrates wrote numerous accounts, journals, essays, papers and other scholarly work that made the study more scientific. In his papers, Hippocrates wrote well-nigh things such as psychosis, mania, phobias, and paranoia. His theory, how ever, still is flawed because he attributed the illnesses to four fluids in the human body somber and yellow bile, phlegm, and blood. During the middle ages, more horrifying and disturbing accounts were given, harmonize to studies, during this period, people with mental illnesses were classified as witches, and they were hunted so as to rid them of the physical world.It was further justified by the writing of the mallet Malifacarum (Withcs Hammer) in 1486. In 1563, a person by the name of Jahann Weyer wrote a book called De Praestigiis Daemonum (The untruth of Demons). The book discredited the beliefs that demons were the culprits in mental illnesses and instead brought out the point that natural causes may and then result in abnormal behavior. He also looked at the possibility of the use of drugs as sparks which caused these express disorders. With his work, the study of mental abnormalities became more humanitarian and started to look for treatment, rather than damnation, for its victims.In 1769, Benjamin Rush, a professors of chemical science and medicine at the college of Philadelphia became the father of American psychiatry. He instituted reform by putting into action several(prenominal) changes such as better ventilation, separation and classification of violent and non-violent patients, and created programs for recreation catering to the patients who suffer from mental illness. By 1880, Dorthea Dix, a schoolteacher from Boston started a campaign which led to the opening of 32 psychiatric hospitals which prioritized the poor and the needy.Several other prominent people paved the way for the contemporary notion of psychopathology. Emil Kraeplin was the iodin who introduced to society different classifications of mental disorders. This led the way to a closer relationship between medicine and psychiatry. The classification focused on two important groups the praecox or what is no known as the schizophrenics, and the manic-depressive psychopaths. H e believed that these illnesses were caused by chemical imbalance and irregularities in other aspects of the person such as angiotensin-converting enzymes metabolism.Another important person which tendinged develop the field of study was Clifford Beers. Beers himself suffered a mental division but was able to overcome it. Upon his recovery, he wrote a book which he titled A perspicacity That Found Itself. Beers and his book were responsible for the foundation of the National Committee for Mental Hygiene, a branch of administration which worked to prevent illnesses as well as make sure that any treatment conducted is classified as humane. Today, abnormal psychology focuses on the 4 Ds, these are distress, dysfunction, deviance, and danger.One should note though, that these 4 ds are seen as judgments, not objective behavior. First of all is dysfunction. Dysfunction is defined as a difficult or abnormal function. In psychology, one of the most popular diseases caused by a dysfunct ion of the brain is schizophrenia. This disorder is caused by enlarged ventricles, reduced blood flow to the frontal lobe, and an surplusage of dopamine. Schizophrenia is a chronic disorder that is characterized by people who talk to themselves, yell at individual else which seem imaginary, and other symptoms.Another aspect of the psychopathology is distress. Distress in psychology can blend in to numerous diseases, most popular of which are anorexia and bulimia. Often times, people who develop these conditions see it as a way of coping with negative emotions or painful feelings. Traumatic events in a persons life may also trigger disorders in eating. Danger results in one of the most miss psychological disorder in an individual. Often times, notions of fear will develop into anxiety. Anxiety, unlike normal fear, can be characterized by four inherent characteristics.First of all, it is defined by a specific show secondly, anxiety is experienced in response to the target of fear third, the target feared by the individual is avoided and eventually anxiety tends to be more chronic. One of the most interesting in the 4 ds is deviance. We might see something as deviant behavior, but we do not know is that this deviant behavior for us is the deviants normal function. This is why this is the most blurred classification out of all of the things that we characterize as abnormal.From here, there are terce important viewpoints which look at mental disorders and their causes. These three models are the biological, psychosocial, and the socio-cultural models. First of all, the biological model looks at the brain as the cause of the abnormal behavior. According to proponents of this model, mental disorders are caused by the different chemical imbalances in the brain, and as such, leads to the difference in a persons behavior. The socio-cultural nestle looks at the role that society plays with regards to human behavior.According to its proponents, society and close p lay a major role in determining if an individual will be labelled as mentally ill or has a mental disorder. Often times, this is where social deviance is seen this is imputable to the idea that one is deviant for a culture may be the norms of the other. Finally, the psychosocial approach looks at cardinal influences which are often times unconscious. This approach looks at the childhood and past experiences of the victim. Proponents of this approach are Sigmund Freud and Josef Brener.The approach theorizes that the disorder occurs when the individual becomes fixated to the stage wherein the negative experience has occurred. Looking at these evolutions in the field of abnormal psychology, it becomes positive enough that the approach, which was more of spiritual during earlier times, transforms itself into a more rational field of study. more importantly, these approaches lead us not to discriminate people with these disorders, but rather try to understand them and help them get be tter. Bibliography Abnormal Psychology.Blackwell Publishing. Retrieved April 10, 2009 from http//www. blackwellpublishing. com/intropsych/pdf/chapter15. pdf What is Abnormal Psychology? About. com. Retrieved April 10, 2009 from http//psychology. about. com/od/glossaryfromatoz/g/abnormalpsyc. htm Harris, Kevin. memorial of Abnormal Psychology. History of Psychology. Retrieved April 10, 2009 from http//www3. niu. edu/acad/psych/Millis/History/mainsheet. htm Bickard, Mark. The Nature of Psychopathology. Retrieved April 10, 2009 from http//www. lehigh. edu/mhb0/psychopath. html