Use of Torture to Gain Intelligence Research Paper

Utilization of Torture to Gain Intelligence - Research Paper Example There are different purposes behind torment. They incorporate discipline, vengeance, political re-instruction, prevention, cross examination or intimidation. Generally the torment ends up being intentionally lethal, be that as it may, more often than not this isn't the situation and murdering and harming the casualty isn't the sole reason. As per research, torment is anything but a generally excellent method of acquiring data and noteworthy insight. This is on the grounds that after an individual got physical or mental discipline, the psyche separates because of which the data is dependent upon mistakes in memory review. It was until the improvement of Humanism in the seventeenth century, purposely excruciating techniques for execution for serious violations was taken as conceded as a feature of equity. Torment was endorsed by certain states beforehand. In the 21st century, the greater part of the nations have denied torment under the universal and household laws. Under the UN show a nd affirmation of human rights, it is unsatisfactory and is viewed as the infringement of human rights. One of the most questionable parts of the worldwide ‘war on terror’ was the utilization of torment during cross examinations. The United States of America organization for battling the danger of worldwide fear mongering built up a few new techniques. This occurred after the psychological oppressor assaults on 11 September 2001. The confinement and cross examination of the speculated fear based oppressors have been the vital to the United States battle against worldwide psychological oppression (Walton, 2008). As indicated by the universal laws of fighting, similar guidelines of legitimate soldiers were not appropriate for confined psychological oppressors since they were not battling as legal warriors. In any case, some policymakers of the US contended that the utilization of torment ought to be sanctioned to pick up knowledge under certain outrageous conditions. Duri ng the Algerian war of Independence (1954-1962), the French military alongside the Algerian National Liberation Front (FNL) utilized torment.

The Value of Female Friendships

The Value of Female Friendships I met my better half Dana in school, and in the years from that point forward our fellowship has developed exponentially. Nine years prior, Dana revealed to me that she had bosom disease. Shes a survivor. In that time span, my long distance race strolling pal Allison discovered she had appendicidal disease. She also is a survivor. With two close sweethearts in a similar circumstance one that was surely new to us all I ended up asking: How as a sweetheart do I handle this? What do I do to help them? Where do I search for answers? This isn't an article about malignancy. It is an article about the mind blowing life-power underlining the word sweetheart. Sweetheart Support I recall the second I found out about Allisons malignant growth. I didnt need to chat with my better half, despite the fact that he is an incredible man and a mindful companion of Allisons also. I needed to converse with my female companions. I needed their recommendation, their embraces, their true tuning in while I asked ‘why? Looking for counsel, sharing concern, offering help and love, I needed to be around the ladies who saw how I felt and who, I trusted, would assist me with being a superior companion to my companions experiencing one of lifes most unnerving circumstances. Things being what they are, the reason are lady friends so significant? I dove in and read my own requirement for female network and what pulled me toward my companionships as an essential emotionally supportive network in a period an incredible pressure. I was particularly inquisitive to discover why couldnt I fill this need with my significant other or through the insight of books, guides or different networks? Was it just me? Turns out it wasnt. Relationship Research A little research drove me to a spellbinding book that explained the responses to me. The Tending Instinct, by Shelley E. Taylor, opens a portion of the secrets of ladies, men, and the science of our connections. The huge ah-ha! I found in its pages is that this requirement for network with other ladies is natural; it is a piece of our DNA. Taylors book united an assortment of studies covering social variables, many years of research, recounted references-even the organic connections to the sweetheart idea in the set of all animals. A ceaseless stream of intriguing realities characterized why we as ladies are progressively social, greater network engaged, collective, less serious and, most importantly, why we need our sweethearts. Think about these discoveries: Life span - Married men live longer than single men, yet ladies who wed have a similar future as the individuals who dont. Notwithstanding, ladies with solid female social ties (sweethearts) live longer than those without them.Stress - For decades, stress tests concentrated exclusively on male members, accepting that all people would react in a similar way. At the point when these equivalent pressure tests were at long last led on females it was found that ladies dont have the equivalent, great battle or flight reaction to push that men do. As per the examination introduced in The Tending Instinct, ladies under pressure want to tend and become a close acquaintence with. We need to watch out for our young and be with our companions. Time with our companions really decreases our pressure levels.More Stress - An examination directed by the UCLA School of Medicine found that when were with our sweethearts, our bodies discharge the vibe great hormone oxytocin, helping us diminish regular pressure. By organizing our female fellowships and investing energy with these companions, we exploit an exceptionally basic, common approach to diminish our pressure. Significantly More Stress - Prairie voles, a monogamous rat, have a comparable reaction to push. At the point when a male vole is placed in an upsetting circumstance, he rushes to his female accomplice. Female voles, when focused, promptly hurry to the females they were raised with.Self-Esteem - An ongoing report by Dove showed that 70% of ladies feel prettier as a result of their associations with female companions. Its nothing unexpected that our confidence is exceptionally affected by our lady friends; this is essential to comprehend for young ladies just as women.The Health Factor - Women without solid social ties hazard medical problems comparable to being overweight or a smoker-its that genuine. Kinships Waning With all Ive found that is acceptable about female kinships, I was baffled to run over a national study from 2006 that found a sharp decrease in fellowships. Research co-creator Lynn Smith-Lovin, a humanist at Duke University stated, From a social perspective, it implies youve got more individuals detached. When were confined, we dont have each other to help us through predicament like storms or flames, money related battles or relationship changes, bitterness or malignant growth. Without people group of ladies, we regularly pass up on chances to be associated with our urban areas, to gain from one another, to sympathize with other ladies and to share the advantages of giggling and a genuine embrace. As ladies, we in some cases should be reminded what being a sweetheart methods. Over and over again it assumes a disease or misfortune to hit us with the real world, acknowledgment, and valuation for kinship. That update can likewise be as straightforward as a mindful card, an embrace or a messaged photograph. Every so often we just need to set aside the effort to consider our companions, stop and live at the time, and assuming there is any chance of this happening, commend that second. Hear some terrible news? Call a sweetheart. Have something incredible to celebrate? Offer that festival with a companion. Need to feel prettier, be less focused, be more advantageous and more joyful? Invest some energy with your BFFs. Like the terrifying, groundbreaking analyses of my dear sweethearts, perceive your own requirement for kinships and occupy that need with time and recollections together. Life is better along with your sweethearts. NOTE: Research for this article fundamentally credited to The Tending Instinct by Shelley E. Taylor. Extra data was gotten structure Kappa Delta, NWFD realities, and the Dove Beauty study.

13 Effective Sales Strategies to Help You Close Deals Faster

13 Effective Sales Strategies to Help You Close Deals Faster The pace of business is accelerating. Most clients expect their products to be delivered very quickly, but they usually find it hard to make quick decisions about the purchase.There are many similar products on the market today which solve similar problems. The plethora of options to choose from, sometimes paralyze the mind of a prospective client and make it difficult for them to make quick decisions.With many salespeople differing in skills and experiences trying to a sell similar product, the salesperson that will have the most success will be the person who knows how to persuade, influence and win the trust and confidence of prospective clients. Despite the number of people in the same business, you can stand out by learning how to sell more at a faster rate than any other salesperson.That comparison shopping is on the rise doesnt mean you cannot close deals faster.It only means that your old strategies may not work. If you dont try out some new moves, you may be defeated in ever y sales battle and lose so much money and fame. Almost every salesperson has encountered some problems at one point or the other while trying to sell products or services to their prospects.Prospects that prove to be very stubborn or unyielding make it difficult to close deals easily.If youve always wished you could close more deals in a short time, there could be some effective sales strategies that will help you achieve your desire.Many people work hard to be great salespeople but have problems with closing deals.Here, however, we worked tirelessly to find and analyze the ways a salesperson can significantly shorten his sales cycle length.After our research, we have found 13 levers that can make a big impact in the sales world.The major aspect is about learning how to increase the rate of your sales by convincing the buyer that purchasing now is the right decision.This, of course, means you must build confidence with the prospective client and be able to always provide the right i nformation, at the right time, and to the right person.But how can you achieve this?1. MEET WITH THE DECISION MAKERMany salespeople try to make sales to a company and spend a lot of time analyzing and convincing someone who is not in the position to decide for the company about a product.After all the time spent (sometimes hours or even days) and a great job of convincing a lead, they then realize that the person they have spent so much time with is not the actual decision maker.This, of course, leaves them discouraged, sapping all their energy and enthusiasm. They realize that they have spent days focusing on the wrong guy and may not make any sales. This is a very common speed bump in the sales world and you have to try as much as possible to avoid it.You have to go to the decision maker.The decision maker depends on the size of the company. The decision maker in a small company is usually the CEO or CMO.Hence, you should go to them to convince them and make them buy your product. However, if you go to a larger company or organization, they have some specific people or departments that deal with sales.Hence, you may not have to meet directly with the CEO (dont spend days seeking an appointment to meet him).The decision maker for a larger organization is the Sales Director, Head of Sales Operations, or Head of Demand Gen.To avoid the error of meeting the wrong person, it is important to invest in tools that will allow your sales team to correctly double check if they are trying to make sales to the right person.Nobody wants to waste their time selling to someone who is not in the position to make the decision to buy.2. HAVE ADEQUATE KNOWLEDGE ABOUT YOUR PRODUCT OFFERINGSThe more knowledge you have about your product, the more confident you will be whenever youre interacting with your prospect about your product offerings. If you have a thorough understanding of what you stand for, and the products you sell, youll be more enthusiastic when interacting with your prospect.This will make the prospects understand the decisions they are making and hence you can close deals faster. It is compulsory that you are articulate with your product knowledge because that will go a long way in determining if youre going to be successful in winning the trust of your prospect or not.If you have a deep and vast knowledge about your product, your ability to communicate will be strengthened and your presentation of the product would be able more effective.You should know everything about the product like the back of your hands, deliver a comprehensive and genuine sales pitch, and explain to the buyer in ways that will appeal to him. Know what youre trying to sell! Knowledge is power for salespeople.Get knowledge, close sales faster.3. UNDERSTAND YOUR CUSTOMERS NEEDDont be so eager to show off the boundless knowledge you have about a product youre offering that you forget to understand what your customer really needs.You have to actively listen to your prospec t, and understand their needs and the challenges they are facing. You have to understand how your product or service will help that individual or organization.Knowing what specific problems it will solve and how it will help improve their lives or profit will help you go a long way. To whet the appetite of the buyer for the product, try to put some life into your sales pitch by avoiding mechanical or monotone explanations. Explain to the prospects in ways that appeal to them.Should a prospect sense that youre just explaining off a script, then you most probably wont close that deal. It is important you specifically and correctly address the major pain point of your buyer and connect with them.Try to understand the goals they have and the hurdles they have to overcome and build your conversation around this, focusing on how your products can meet their needs. It is very important to give a listening ear to your prospective clients.Dont think about another deal when in a conversation with a prospective client. Practice active listening.4. PREPARE FOR QUESTIONS AND OBJECTIONSHaving a positive mental attitude is a crucial quality of successful salespeople.However, it can also cloud your sales strategy and critical thinking. Not everybody will take your explanation hook-line-and-sinker.You have to be prepared for objections to your ideas. Dont let the buyers objection and questions take you by surprise. Dont be too swept along by enthusiasm that you never really consider the possibility of being objected.It is not in any way cool to get caught right in the middle of presenting a product with an objection you cant surmount or a question you cant give a definite answer to. If you have to ask to respond to the questions or objections later, or you give a stammering not-so-sure answer, you not only slow down your sales, but youve also jeopardized the possibility of making the sales to happen at all.If you dont want an awful news late in the game, you should employ the method of asking critical questions and challenging any assumptions so that you can forecast what could go wrong before it actually does.It is a brilliant move to sit down with your entire sales team and have each of them come up with objections they think they might anticipate. Present your sales pitch to them and see if you or any member of your team may have missed any objection.You can then log all those uncommon questions or objections you encountered in a central repository that is accessible to everyone involved in selling your product, and put the answer there.The document should be kept up to date, and should also be stored in a way that will make it possible to easily and quickly reference it if need be. If you can learn from each interaction, the next one will always be better. Prospects mostly dont know much about your services and usually have many questions to ask.The key to closing deals faster could be embedded in your ability to patiently and intelligently answer an y questions put up by the prospect.5. CREATE A SENSE OF URGENCYHave you ever been in such a situation and was naturally compelled to get a product because of the deadline placed on the product at a discount? If you can apply that feeling to your own sales, you will discover that you have the key to accelerate the closing of deals.If you want to close a deal very fast, create a sense of urgency around the product. Creating this urgency can be as simple as announcing a deadline, after which the current price will change. It is wise, however, not to create fake deadlines.You could simply ask your prospect if they can decide on the purchasing the product by a certain date. If they make a decision on your product, you can make them stick to it by offering a really effective discount.If you attach a deadline to the deal, you will help give the prospective client an incentive to make a commitment.Whether its giving a free gift or a discount, make the client feel like they have the upper ha nd. Dont try to rush the customer.Only try to give them a little extra reason why they should buy your product or service.Let them come to the conclusion in their heads that your product or service is the right choice, and the best time to make a decision on this choice is right now.6. GIVE QUICK RESPONSEPeople dont like to wait for too long to get what they want. When a prospective client requests a quote, you must not make him wait for long. The process of creating a sales quote may be time-consuming, and a long wait and hold time may cause a drastic reduction in your sales potential.Therefore, if you spend hours creating quotes, you may experience lost sales.However, the process involved in creating a sales quote need not take long. If you desire to speed up your quoting process, a CPQ tool may be essential.A CPQ tool has the ability to create complex quotes in minutes. They also come with ready-made sales quote templates. This will save time, help you avoid costly errors and mak e it possible for you to close bigger deals faster.Creating custom templates that is just perfect for your branding is no longer a problem! It is a smart choice to have a CPQ cloud solution.With this, all you require to access and operate the system is an internet connection. Cloud-based tools make your data available online at all times. This is advantageous because you are able to create quotes from anywhere, at any time.With these tools, your prospects can also easily view and approve the Sales quote online, therefore speeding up the ordering process.Giving a quick response also applies to returning calls, texts and emails. Make your prospect feel important by giving rapid responses that answer their questions or dispel their doubts. 7. STREAMLINE YOUR SALES PROCESSTime is literally money in the business world. Technology has come to the aid of business to make some tasks completed more rapidly.The sales process need not take a long time anymore. It has to be streamlined to be ab le to keep up the pace with demand.If your sales process is slow, it implies that your sales team will spend a lot of time and effort in closing deals. With a longer sales cycle, your leads may grow cold. If you streamline your sales process, you will save time, close more deals, and boost your productivity.In order to shorten the sales cycle, it is important to automate important processes that are important for the effective and efficient performance of your sales team. Repetitive tasks can be automated by using tools like CRM, CPQ (configure price quote), etc.This will go a long way in helping to increase sales performance and grow revenue.It is also very important to simplify your sales process. This is to make it easier to comprehend by the client and hence, making them to quickly decide on getting your products without having to do more research on their own.8. FOLLOW-UP REGULARLYA regular follow-up of your prospects is a must if you want to move your sales forward. This is be cause many deals are usually not closed in a single meeting.Constant communication with your prospects will make them know you have them in mind, and as such, they will not want to disappoint you. If you dont get in touch with your prospects frequently, they may get stuck in your sales funnel. With a regular follow-up, you get another chance to come across to your prospective clients as excellent.If the interest of your prospect in your product or service wanes along the way, an effective follow up can help you regenerate their interest and encourage them to make purchasing decisions.A follow-up can be as simple as a phone call or direct email. Dont overlook it. It most certainly helps in closing deals.9. BE REAL, BE YOURSELFWith all the information you have about your product, dont feign enthusiasm when presenting your product or service to a prospect.A client can easily perceive if youre being genuine during the sales process or not. Your client should sense that youre being yours elf through the presentation.It is also important that you pass the message that you care about their business and not just the deal. If you come off too calculated, many people will be turned off.There is nothing wrong with being prepared. Its okay to dress smart and appear ready for every question that comes your way.However, remember that it is the customers best interest you have at heart.Make them feel important.10. KNOW YOUR COMPETITORSTo close deals faster, it is critical to expect and neutralize the competition. You should ask questions like What plans do they have to make them win? Whose help is crucial to them? What do they usually say about us?You must be able to show how you solve the challenges of the client better than other competitors.Competing is tough for business.But knowing your competitors makes you work harder and hence, your business becomes better.Competition is actually a blessing in disguise.If you are able to recognize your strong points, you can use those areas in which you are better than your competitors to lead to a quick close. This all boils down to adequate preparation.Carry out an extensive research and take note of the beneficial things youre doing but that your competition is not. If you highlight this difference, it can make all the difference.Dont ignore this point, it is oftentimes your biggest selling point.11. WATCH WHAT YOU SAYThere are more minefields than ever. Dont shoot yourself in the leg. Dont be so eager to say something that you end up putting your foot in your mouth.If there are certain areas of your product or service you dont fully understand, learn them thoroughly or avoid taking yourself to those uncharted waters.Keep your talk to the point and focus on your areas of expertise. Also, dont get all emotional when trying to make a sale. Dont sound too desperate too. You want to remain real and personable, but you have to remain professional.12. ASK FOR THE SALEAfter all your preparation, and making your clie nt interested in your service, simply ask for the sale. Good closers unfailingly ask for the sale.They dont practice sitting on their hands and hoping for a sale, neither do they wait for the client to raise their hand and volunteer to buy.Good closers seize the moment. Some closing techniques include the direct close, the assumptive close, and the choice close. The Direct CloseAs the name implies, this close is direct and to the point. The best closers tend to use this closing technique quite often. For instance, you could ask;So, Sam, would you like to place that order now?This technique will make the prospect give a definitive answer one way or another. It is easy and quick. The Assumptive CloseHere, you assume the sale has been made. Here, the client is required to make a minor administrative decision. For example, you could ask;Okay Morgan, how many would you like?This is the most popular closing technique. It is less assertive than the direct close. The Choice CloseThis is an assumptive close with options. Here, the client is required to make a decision on two administrative points rather than on a major purchase. For example:Which would you like to begin with. The 3-pack or the 5-pack?All these non-aggressive closing questions will make the buyer feel comfortable while you still have some pressure on them.13. INVOKE A VOW OF SILENCESilence is an itch that needs to be scratched.If you want to close a deal on the telephone, always invoke a vow of silence after asking for the sale. When you ask for the sale, keep quiet until the prospect speaks. Silence is a very powerful and effective tool in closing deals through telephone compared to face to face selling.This silence will actually work for you. Silence on the telephone is usually perceived as about six times longer than it really is. This is because unlike a visual transaction, there is no visual distraction in sales through a telephone. Silence creates a degree of tension by creating a vacuum in the co nversation, making the prospect feel compelled to fill the silent void. The tension created is a 2-Way Tension.It works in both ways.However, since youre aware of the tension in the first place, you could feel it less. Dont give in to the overwhelming impulse to fill in the void with a rush of further comment on the product or service, and never go to the extreme of offering the prospect more time to think about the offer!To be an effective closer, you have to resist the urge to break the ice because you are aware that any sort of additional conversation may detract the prospect from making a quick decision. Invoke a vow of silence and wait it out.Let your client have the time to digest your offer, let them have the time to weigh their options. Just wait long enough and give them time to say yes!CONCLUSIONThe faster you close deals, the more successful you will become in the business world. If youre able to hone these skills and practice them, youll be an unbeatable salesperson and enjoy many promotions.Yes, you can be a great closer.Remember, you attract what you think!I really do hope these tips helped. See you at the top.

Eight Signs of Jesus - 4142 Words

LIBERTY UNIVERSITY The Eight Signs and Miracles in Gospel of John ON-LINE LEARNING CAMPUS Rick Buck Submitted by Karen Teresa Galbreath February 8, 2012 Table of Contents Chapter 1 Introduction 3 Chapter 2 The First Sign Miracle: Turning Water to Wine 4 Chapter 3 The Second Sign Miracle: Healing the Nobleman’s Son 6 Chapter 4 The Third Sign Miracle: Healing of the Lame man 8 Chapter 5 The Fourth Sign Miracle: Feeding the 5,000 with Bread and Fish 10 Chapter 6 The Fifth Sign Miracle: Jesus Walking on Water 12 Chapter 7 The Sixth Sign Miracle: Healing of a Blind Man 14 Chapter 8 The Seventh Sign Miracle: Resurrection of Lazarus from death to life 16 Chapter 9 The Eighth Sign Miracle: Miraculous Catch†¦show more content†¦TH. D., D. Min., Woodrow, Michael Kroll, Th. D., The KJV Parallel Bible Commentary P. 2080 [4] McGee, Vernon J., The Gospels of John Chapters 1-10 P. 43 Chapter 3 The Second Sign Miracle: Healing the Nobleman’s Son The second miracle involved a nobleman’s son. The nobleman’s son was very sick and lived in Capernaum. The nobleman heard that Jesus was coming into Galilee, and approaches Him and ask if He would heal his dying son. Jesus replies, â€Å"that unless ye see signs and wonders ye will not believe.† John 4:48 According to Dr. Towns, this miracle showed power over space. Jesus did not travel to the man’s son to perform the act, but performed the miracle from a distance. Twice John mentions the faith of the nobleman. First, he â€Å"believed the word that Jesus spoke to him† (John 4:50) Later, when that word was confirmed, â€Å"he himself believed† (John 4:53). The first expression of faith was faith in the spoken word of God, and the second expression of faith was in the incarnate Word of God. This sign was significant in that not only the father believed but also his whole household, which would include not only his family but also his servants. This is the first example of salvation to all that believe.†[5] The nobleman comes to faith in the Lord Jesus Christ and he brings his whole family with him. For it says in verse 53, â€Å"And himself believed and his whole house.† This just goes to show that the even most powerful people in this world, whenShow MoreRelatedSigns: the Eight Miracles Pointing to Jesus as Messiah1884 Words   |  8 PagesSigns: The Eight Miracles Pointing to Jesus as Messiah Not all miracles are signs pointing to the deity of Jesus, but all signs are miracles. Signs communicate unique teachings in addition to their demonstration of power of God (â€Å"Thoughts on the Eight Signs of John’s Gospel†). John, the disciple whom Jesus loved, only records eight of the many miracles preformed by Jesus during his three year ministry on earth. John chose miracles that reveal Jesus as God in the flesh. This reflection ofRead MoreEight Signs Miracles Jesus Performed and His Deity1728 Words   |  7 PagesEIGHT SIGNS MIRACLES JESUS PERFOMED AND HIS DEITY LIBERTY UNIVERSITY 201330 SUMMER 2013 BIBL 160 – D01 LUO WILLA AYCOCK JULY 29,2013 The first sign miracles Jesus performed were when he had gone to a wedding in Cana John 2:1-12). Jesus and his disciples (6 of them) had arrived at the wedding, which was already in progress. This miracle symbolizes the Church’s (the bride’s) relationship to Christ (The bridegroom). Mary, Jesus mother was at the wedding as well. She went to Jesus and toldRead MoreThe Signs Of The Gospel Of John Essay1729 Words   |  7 Pagespersonally sees and feels Jesus for himself. To which, on His appearance, Jesus said to him, â€Å"Because you have seen Me, have you believed? 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This book was written to convey andRead MoreEssay on Exegesis of Matthew915 Words   |  4 PagesExegesis of the Gospel according to Matthew Chapter 5:3-12 The Eight Beatitudes In Matthews Gospel, starting with Chapter five verses three through twelve, Jesus tells us of the Eight Beatitudes. These verses are much like The Ten Commandments in nature, but more philosophical:  · Blessed are the poor in spirit, for theirs is the Kingdom of Heaven.  · Blessed are those who mourn, for they shall be comforted.  · Blessed are the meek, for they shall inherit the Earth.  · Blessed are thoseRead MoreI Am Bibl 323 Paper1315 Words   |  6 Pages323-D08 12/10/2012 We are often searching for answers to find out who Jesus was or what His teachings really meant. John includes eight different situations in which Jesus gives what are known as the â€Å"I Am† statements. 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Essay Themes of Dark They Were And Golden Eyed by Ray...

In the story Dark They Were And Golden Eyed, by Ray Bradbury, a great story that he develops themes of fear, change and symbol and label. The author uses techniques of similes, metaphors and personification that explain and convey them to the reader very powerfully. A clear and important theme developed in the story by Ray Bradbury through the use of personification is fear. In the sentence, ?The fear was never gone? it lay with Mr and Mrs Bittering, a third unbidden partner at every midnight talk?. The author creates fear among the humans by using personification to show the unbidden partner as a person, but we recognise what it really is. Ray Bradbury is trying to show that the unbidden partner is fear becoming real.. There was†¦show more content†¦As I held my breath and trying to get to the surface, I felt like I was not going to get up again. Then I felt we were slowing down and I slowly came up from a couple of metres of water and I felt relived as I got up and walked onto the shore. The fear and change is discussed in this short story are connected because the Bitterings are constructed to be very fearful of change that may be happening. The second theme, that Ray Bradbury discusses is the change occurring around Mr and Mrs Bittering. In the story, it is said that very dim gold flecks are starting to appear in the eyes of the humans. Also, the plants that they are growing on Mars are changing in colour, as is the taste of food. These show change, everything is changing and is out of the Bitterings control. With the food and their bodies changing, this is presented as creating a great fear inside the character. One I experience fear that was when I moved from our farm into the city. It was the biggest change of my life, moving from 20,000 acre of land surrounding me to only  ¼ of an acre. This created great fear inside me because I have never lived in a town before or gone to a school with 500 students. I felt claustrophobic in town and scared. The Martians must have something to do with the change of the humans on mars and have in some way felt like me. The changing of them could be some kind of punishmen t to the humans because they have invaded there land.Show MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesCity Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Editorial Director: Sally Yagan Director of Editorial Services: Ashley Santora Acquisitions Editor: Brian Mickelson Editorial Project Manager: Sarah Holle Editorial Assistant: Ashlee Bradbury VP Director of Marketing: Patrice Lumumba Jones Senior Marketing Manager: Nikki Ayana Jones Senior Managing Editor: Judy Leale Production Project Manager: Becca Groves Senior Operations Supervisor: Arnold Vila Operations Specialist: Cathleen Petersen

Under the Bridge Song Analysis Free Essays

15 April 2010 Essay 2: Poetry â€Å"Under The Bridge† Under the bridge is a song by Red Hot Chili Peppers, written by vocalist Anthony Kiedis. Keidis reference to â€Å"bridge†Kiedis use of imagery in the lyrics to this song communicate a dark time in his life but also as a listener we can relate with a difficult time in our own life. The symbolism used by Kiedis in reference to his feeling of solitude and long battle with drug addiction. We will write a custom essay sample on Under the Bridge Song Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now Rhyme and rhythm are two of the main features in this song. The rhythm affects the whole mood, tone and meaning of the song. The melancholy can be felt in the first stanza, â€Å"Lonely as I am together we cry. † Kiedis has chosen different methods to give the song specific sounds that affect the pace and structure of the rhythm. The speed of the song begins quite slow not too intense but slowly the tempo picks up as he describes, â€Å"I don’t ever wanna feel like I did that day. † The feelings of loss bring him to depression and remind him of his struggles with drug abuse. The reference in the third stanza â€Å"take me to the place I love take me all that way† can suggests that Kiedis is taken back to the feeling of being high on drugs. Metaphorically he is attempting to overcome drug addiction but can’t help loving the feeling he gets when he is high. â€Å"The loneliness that I was feeling triggered memories of my time with Ione and how I’d had this beautiful angel of a girl who was willing to give me all of her love, and instead of embracing that, I was downtown with gangsters shooting speedballs under a bridge. (Kiedis 204) Kiedis memory of such a time stimulated his response of loneliness as he is doing so in song to his listeners. Drawing back from the people he was once so close with gave him an overwhelming feeling of loneliness and solitude, as he described, â€Å"Sometimes I feel like I don’t have a partner sometimes I feel like my only friend like my only friend is the city I live in the city of Angels† ( Peppers) The descriptions of the city being his only stronghold during this difficult ime are realized in his city of Los Angeles which he feels would never leave him alone as some of his relationships at that time. The city is stable, and he is able to depend on her being there to support him. He refers to the city as his â€Å"companion†, and he does not have to hide from her because she already knows his deepest secrets but has yet to abandon him. It’s interesting to see the different interpretations to this song, but I do believe Kiedis was clearly recounting his drug addiction in a very personal yet abstract manner. Revealing the solitude one has to endure when they find themselves in such a state. My understanding of the song shows the contemplation, withdrawal, and the acceptance of taking a dark path in life. Literature can be subtle or obvious, used carefully or carelessly. The repetition of the third stanza signifies meaning and creates a strong sonic effect to the listener. Kiedis use of this can be found in the chorus, â€Å"I don’t ever wanna feel like I did that day take me to the place I love take me all the way. (Peppers) The text states, â€Å"We all hear sounds differently depending on the meaning and context. † (Beiderwell 522) The feeling this song gives me may be totally different that it may give someone who has experienced an addiction or feeling of despair. In general, the lyrics deals with particular things in concrete language, since our emotions most readily respond to his emotion and expressions. From Kiedis particular situation, the listener may then genera lize by implication from the particular. â€Å"She sees my good deeds and she kisses me windy and I never worry now that is a lie. (Peppers) The use of personification occurs here when he describes inanimate objects as human that is, giving them human attributes, powers, or feelings. He is not literally speaking of a person but showing his connection with the city he loves so much, as the only person he feels loved by. Images suggest meanings beyond the mere identity of the specific object. (Purdue) Poetry â€Å"plays† with meaning when it identifies resemblances or makes comparisons between things, such as the Los Angeles being his only friend. In the last stanza, â€Å"Under the bridge downtown is where I drew some blood under the bridge I could not get enough under the bridge forgot about my love under the bridge I gave my life away† (Peppers) Kiedis is recounting a low point in his life where he feels he surrendered his life to this addiction to drugs. This use of imagery is most valuable as a mode of perception that assists the listener to see around and to see the often conflicting interpretations that come from our examination of life. In other words his message is most certainly concrete and particular it’s implied by the images of him under this bridge drawing blood which is what heroin addicts do. Works Cited Beiderwell, Bruce and Jeffrey M. Wheeler. â€Å"The Literary Experience. † Beiderwell, Bruce and Jeffrey M. Wheeler. The Literary Experience. Boston: Thomson Higher Education, 2008. 217-229. Kiedis, Anthony. Scar Tissue. New York: Hyperion, 2004. Peppers, Red Hot Chili. â€Å"Under The Bridge. † Blood Sugar Sex Magik. cond. Anthony Keidis. By Anthony Keidis. Los Angeles, 1992. Purdue, Owl. Owl Purdue. 21 April 2010. 07 April 2010 . How to cite Under the Bridge Song Analysis, Papers

Management and Motivation in Business Management- Free Sample

Question: Discuss this question: Can a manager instil motivation into employees or is motivation a process of drawing out something from employees? Discuss coaching? Provide a map of the various theories of work motivation and explain the map? Discuss John Holland theory of personality and job fit as an explanation of work motivation? Describe the difference between a content theory and a process theory of motivation? Answer: Executive Summary Motivation can be defined as a series of action performed by the managers, supervisors or coworkers within an organization so as to bring out the actual potential of the work force. Motivational activities have become very much relevant in almost all organization. It has become an essential factor so as to make the employees to reach their objectives (Nohria, Groysberg and Lee, 2008). Managers in an organization should understand the importance of motivation and its impact over the employees. Through motivation managers can put a hold or control over the behavior of the employees in a positive way. A manager can certainly instill the motivation into employees and can draw the desired output from them through various motivational techniques. Managers adopts various approaches of motivation like monetary, non monetary, rewarding system, recognition etc for motivating the employees (Cruz, Prez Cantero, 2009). There are various theories of motivation highlighted in the scientific and mo dern management theories. The managers can take these theories as their guidelines and can implement it on their employees based on the work place situation and the organizational policies. Each employee within an organization will be different and varied behaviors. The managers should have the ability to understand those behaviors and should adopt appropriate motivational approaches. The managers should identify appropriate strategies for implementing these strategies. This paper discuss about the management and motivational approaches (Kimball, Nink, 2006). This paper highlights various motivational theories and its importance and relevance in the modern organization. Various motivational theories like content and process theories are explained and their differences are highlighted in this paper. Introduction In the managing process employee motivation is considered as an important part. A team of highly qualified and motivated employees is necessary for achieving objectives of an organization. It is only through motivation process, they contribute maximum for accomplishing goals. Motivation has a direct relationship with the performance of the employees. If a manager could properly motivate employees by identifying their needs then they can create good achievements. There are various ways through which the management motivates their employees (Hafiza, Shah, Jamsheed Zaman, 2011). The managers can motivate their employees both in formal and informal ways. In some organizations the managers will involve employees in decision making process, putting forward their opinions and ideas, assisting in formulating various strategies etc. These actions form the indirect form of motivating employees. Providing relevant training and development can build the confidence and the potential of the emplo yees which can motivate them positively. It will help the employees to put their maximum effort to increase their productivity. They also adopt various theories of motivation which supports their mode of motivation (Shanks, 2006). Management and Motivation Motivation in work place can generate desired output from the workers. Managers can efficiently instill motivation into employees through some efficient methods like coaching. Coaching is the training session conducted for the employees to develop their technical knowledge, interpersonal skills, personality etc. This session will provide them with confidence and will bring out their efficiency to perform a particular task in a better way. This can motivate the employees in a positive way. Coaching can be provided to employees on the job as well as off the job. A manager can select the method of coaching depending on the nature of work and the behavior of the employees (Ledgerwood Petry, 2006). While considering the theories of motivation there is three types of motivation which includes content theory of motivation, process theory and reinforcement theory of motivation. Content theory highlights which factors motivates the employees in a work place. Process theory highlights why an employee should be motivated and how they should be motivated. The reinforcement theory highlights how the outcome of a process influences the behavior of the employees (Dembo, Seli, 2007).). Some theories which under pins these concepts are mentioned below Content Theory This theory is associated with identifying various factors which can motivate the employees. The theories which comes under this is Maslows Hierarchy of needs According to his theory of needs when the lower level needs of an employee is satisfied then his need for higher level raises. His hierarchical pyramid of needs includes physiological needs, safety needs, social needs, esteem needs and self actualization needs. Once a manager is successful in fulfilling those needs he or she will be motivated (Gagn Deci, 2005). Alderfers ERG Theory This theory explains existence, relatedness and growth needs of the employees. Existence explains the willingness of an employee for physiological well being. Relatedness is his desire to get satisfied in his interpersonal relationship. Growth explains career and personal growth and development (Griffin, Moorhead, 2011). Herzbergs two factor Theory According to this theory there are two factors which can motivate or de-motivate the workers in a work place. They are satisfiers or motivators and dis-satisfiers or hygiene factors respectively. Motivators include achievement, recognition, work itself, responsibility, advancement and growth. Hygiene factors include company policy, supervision, and good relationship with boss and peers, working condition and salary (Jones, Lloyd, 2005). McClellands three-need theory This theory explains the need for achievement of personal goals, need for competence to deliver timely and quality work. It also explains the power of an employee to influence others and affiliation to relate people efficiently (Latham, Pinder, 2005). Process Theory Adams equity Theory Adams theory of job motivation explains that there are several variable factors which can influence the assessment and perception of the employees about their job and their employers. According to this theory a fair balance should be maintained between the employee input and the output. The employee input includes hard work, skill level, tolerance, enthusiasm etc and an employee's output includes salary, benefits, recognition etc (Falk, Fischbacher, 2006). Reinforcement Theory According to this theory an individuals behavior is considered as a function of its consequences. It explains that the positive consequences of a particular behavior will tend an employee to repeat it and negative consequences will tend an employee to not to repeat it. Here the manager can have a control over the employee behavior through the adopting the methods like positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment, extinction etc (Yang, XU. WANG, ZHAO, 2005). Goal-Setting Theory This theory explains that if a specific task or goal is allocated to the employee and if they are well aware of their objectives and responsibilities then they will be motivated to do work. The vagueness and uncertainty in the goal may affect their performance and hence gets de-motivated. Challenging goals with adequate support and feedback can make the employee to contribute higher performance (Locke, Latham, 2006). Vrooms Expectancy Theory According to this theory an employee is influenced by several factors when he is accomplishing several tasks. Those factors include probability of completing those tasks and the output of the task. The employee opinion can be influenced by the factors like expectancy, valence and instrumentality (Lunenburg, 2011). When comparing the various theories of motivations which underpins content theory and process theory it can be concluded that the content theory explains various factors which motivates employees and process theory explains how and why an employee should be motivated. John Holland theory of personality and job fit is another theory of motivating the employees at workplace. According to his theory of personality traits and job fit the personality of the employees can be categorized into six. All employees fall under any one of this category and chooses careers according to it. The managers can assess these personality traits through several career key tests and can select employees according to the organizational needs. The personality traits explained by Holland are Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, and Conventional. Realistic employees are so practical and have good working skills with tools. Investigative employees are more precise, scientific and intellectual. They possess good problem solving and decision making skills. Artistic employees are more creative and are more expressive and independent. Social employees are more helping minded and will love to work in a team. They are trust worthy and friendly. Enterprising employees are ambitious, energetic etc. They possess good leadership skills. Conventional employees are goal oriented. Managers can also use these personality traits to motivate them. Conclusion From this paper it is evident that the process of motivation can make the working atmosphere smooth and happier. Such atmosphere can increase the productivity of the organization. Proper definition and description of the concept of motivation is described in this paper. The importance of the managers to adhere with the concept of motivation is also described clearly. This paper has developed a map on the various motivational theories which has been proposed in the management papers. The concept and relevance of these theories are explained in this paper. Through this paper it has been concluded that managers can instill motivation into the employees. Managers can motivate employees through various approaches like coaching, training and development, role modeling, mentoring, monitoring etc. The approach of coaching is highlighted in this paper. Various theories like two factor theory, Maslows theory, ERG theory, vrooms theory etc are explained in this paper. The difference between pro cess theory and content theory is highlighted. The theory of John Holland which explains the personality traits and job fitness are explained here. The content theories and process theories of motivation are explained in this paper and their differences are highlighted. References Bassett-Jones, N., Lloyd, G. C. (2005). Does Herzberg's motivation theory have staying power?. Journal of Management Development, 24(10), 929-943. Dembo, M. H., Seli, H. (2007), Motivation and learning strategies for college success: A self-management approach. Routledge. Falk, A., Fischbacher, U. (2006). A theory of reciprocity, Games and Economic Behavior, 54(2), 293-315. Gagn, M., Deci, E. L. (2005). Self determination theory and work motivation, Journal of Organizational behavior, 26(4), 331-362. Griffin, R., Moorhead, G. (2011). Organizational behavior. Cengage Learning. Hafiza, N. S., Shah, S. S., Jamsheed, H., Zaman, K. (2011). Relationship between rewards and employee s Motivation in the non-profit organizations of Pakistan. Business Intelligence Journal, 4(2), 327-334. Kimball, L. S., Nink, C. E. (2006). How to improve employee motivation, commitment, productivity, well-being and safety. Corrections Today, 68(3), 66. Ledgerwood, D. M., Petry, N. M. (2006). Does contingency management affect motivation to change substance use?. Drug and alcohol dependence, 83(1), 65-72. Lunenburg, F. C. (2011). Expectancy theory of motivation: motivating by altering expectations. International Journal of management, business, and administration, 15(1), 1-6. Latham, G. P., Pinder, C. C. (2005). Work motivation theory and research at the dawn of the twenty-first century. Annu. Rev. Psychol., 56, 485-516. Locke, E. A., Latham, G. P. (2006). New directions in goal-setting theory, Current directions in psychological science, 15(5), 265-268 Martn Cruz, N., Martn Prez, V., Trevilla Cantero, C. (2009), The influence of employee motivation on knowledge transfer, Journal of Knowledge Management, 13(6), 478-490 Nohria, N., Groysberg, B and Lee, L. (2008), Employee motivation: A powerful new model. Harvard Business Review, 86(7/8), 78. Shanks, N. H. (2006). Management and motivation. Introduction to Health Care Management, 23 Yang, Q., XUE, L. J., WANG, R. K., ZHAO, W. G. (2005). REINFORCEMENT THEORY CONSIDERING DEFORMATION MECHANISM OF ROCK MASS AND NON-EQULIBRIEM ELASTO-PLASTIC MECHANICS [J], Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 20, 015

Edgar Allan Poe The Master Of Imagery English Literature Essay Essay Example

Edgar Allan Poe The Master Of Imagery English Literature Essay Essay Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary, over many a quaint and funny volume of disregarded traditional knowledge, while I nodded, about napping, all of a sudden there came a tapping, as of person gently knaping, knaping at my chamber door. T is some visitant, I muttered, tapping at my chamber door merely this, and nil more. ( Poe, The Raven, 1845 ) It is with this stanza that Edgar Allan Poe opens his heroic poem verse form The Raven ; and it is with this descriptive gap that the reader is thrown into a universe unbeknown to anything conceivable, the universe of Edgar Allan Poe the maestro of horror and imagination. We will write a custom essay sample on Edgar Allan Poe The Master Of Imagery English Literature Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Edgar Allan Poe The Master Of Imagery English Literature Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Edgar Allan Poe The Master Of Imagery English Literature Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Edgar Allen Poe was born January, 19th, 1809 in Boston, Massachusetts to Parents David Poe Jr. and Elizabeth Arnold Hopkins Poe. Edgar had a younger sister Rosalie Poe and an older brother William Henry Leonard Poe. When Edgar Poe was merely 1 twelvemonth old his male parent David Poe Jr. left Elizabeth to fight to care for Edgar and his siblings. It was in the clip following the going of his male parent that Edgar s female parent Elizabeth came down will tuberculosis. Being hapless Elizabeth had no pick but to cleaving to life at a embarkation house, all the piece immature Edgar watched impotently as his female parent easy sank into craze until eventually go throughing. Following the decease of his female parent Elizabeth Arnold Hopkins Poe, Edgar and his siblings were scattered to three different Foster places throughout Richmond, Virginia. Edgar was eventfully cared for by John Allan, a affluent baccy merchandiser, who cared for Edgar as if he was his ain kid and welcomed Edgar in to his household with unfastened weaponries. ( Biography: Edgar Allen Poe, 1994 ) ( Who Is Edgar Allan Poe? ) It was during his younger old ages that Mrs. Allen would lavish Edgar with fondness, and at for Edgar things were good, but much like Edgar s early life things would non stay, much like Elizabeth Poe, Edgar s Foster female parent stricken with TB. During this clip a rift between Edgar and Mr. Allen grew. It was following this clip that Mr. Allen sent Edgar to go to the University of Virginia. It was during this clip that Edgar Allan Poe developed great chancing debt. During that clip debitors prison did be. Fearing being sent to prison, Edgar joined the United States ground forces in 1827 under an false name Edgar a Perry. After two twelvemonth in the ground forces Edgar Allan Poe was discharged in1829 following the decease of his Foster female parent Frances Allan on February 28, 1829 The Death of Frances Allan affected Edgar immensely and much like the decease of his female parent Edgar would transport her decease throughout life frequently idolizing itself in Poe s Hagiographas. ( Biography: Edgar Allen Poe, 1994 ) ( Who Is Edgar Allan Poe? ) After the decease of Frances Allan, Poe moved to Baltimore where he would finally get married his first cousin, 13 twelvemonth old Virginia Clemm. Their matrimony was a happy 1. That was until 1942 when his married woman Virginia devolved TB. The following five old ages were as Edgar was already accustomed to a life snake pit. Edgar would care for Virginia, up until her decease in 1847. During the clip after his married woman Virginia s decease Edgar Allan Poe would travel through great torture. He would imbibe to inebriation frequently and travel through periods of insanity. It was nt until 1849 that Edgar Allan Poe would eventually be relieved of the devils he found in his life. On October 7th 1949 Edgar Allan Poe died of unknown causes at the age of 40. ( Biography: Edgar Allen Poe, 1994 ) ( Who Is Edgar Allan Poe? ) Edgar Allan Poe was a antic author who would utilize assorted manners and elements to make every item nowadays in his work. Edgar Allan Poe would frequently take events that occurred in his life and transcribe them into his work. Such pieces of work as the ruddy decease and even the Corvus corax depict chilling devils found in the life of Edgar Allan Poe. ( Biography: Edgar Allen Poe, 1994 ) ( Who Is Edgar Allan Poe? ) One technique that he frequently used to portray a since of imagination is the integrity of consequence. The integrity of consequence is merely the entire amount of every item in the narrative combined to make the stoping. Edgar Allan Poe would utilize his characters, the scene, the temper, and assorted other facets to pull the reader into his narrative, and it was this integrity of consequence that universe finally lead the reader to experience a portion of the narrative and upon decision make the reader experience the general temper that Edgar Allan Poe wanted for his stoping. ( Poe, The Philosophy of Composition ) The integrity of consequence can be found in most of Edgar Allan Poe s authorship but none predominately as in The Fall of the House of Usher. To pull the reader into a dark universe where lamias exist, and where the effects of Roderick Ussher burying his sister Madeline Usher thrust Roderick into a province neer seen before, one of sorrow, enigma, and panic, Edgar Allan Poe used both imagination and the integrity of consequence. ( Poe, The Philosophy of Composition ) Edgar Allan Poe opens his short narrative The Fall of the House of Usher utilizing the integrity of consequence ; He does this by supplying the reader with a chilling word picture of the scene outside the house of Ussher. A dull, dark, and silent twenty-four hours in the fall of the twelvemonth, when the clouds hung oppressively low in the celestial spheres, I had been go throughing entirely, on horseback, through a singularly drab piece of land of state ( Poe, The Fall Of The House Of Usher, p. 738 ) . This gap sets the tone for the full narrative as you jump into the function of the Narrator a boyhood friend of Roderick ride ahorse thought a dark and glooming state side to assist Roderick in his clip of demand. Edgar Allan Poe farther uses the integrity of consequence in his description of the house of Ussher. ` With the first glance of the edifice, a sense of impossible somberness pervaded my spirit. I say impossible ; for the feeling was unrelieved by any of that half-pleasurable, because poetic, sentiment, with which the head normally receives even the sternest natural images of the desolate or awful. I looked upon the scene before me upon the mere house, and the simple landscape characteristics of the sphere upon the bleak walls upon the vacant eye-like Windowss upon a few rank sedges and upon a few white short pantss of decayed trees with an arrant depression of psyche which I can compare to no earthly esthesis more decently than to the after-dream of the reveller upon opium the acrimonious oversight into mundane life the horrid dropping off of the head covering. There was chill, a sinking, a sickening of the bosom an cursed boringness of idea which no prod of the imaginativeness could torment into nothing of the sublime. ( Poe, The Fall Of The House Of Usher, p. 738 ) This description of the house of usher creates a feeling of horror which casts down the readers spine and lies in the cavity of one s tummy, for as a reader I can now state that nil good remainders in the house of Ussher. Edgar Allan Poe besides uses the integrity of consequence in his description of the characters. I gazed upon him with a feeling half of commiseration, half of awe. Surely, adult male had neer earlier so awfully altered, in so brief a period, as had Roderick Usher! It was with trouble that I could convey myself to acknowledge the individuality of the wide area network being before me with the comrade of my early boyhood. Yet the character of his face had been at all times singular. A cadaverousness of skin color ; an oculus big, liquid, and aglow beyond comparing ; lips slightly thin and really pale, but of a surpassingly beautiful curve ; a olfactory organ of a delicate Hebrew theoretical account, but with a comprehensiveness of nostril unusual in similar formations ; a finely moulded mentum, speech production, in its privation of prominence, of a privation of moral energy ; hair of a more than web-like softness and thinness ; these characteristics, with an excessive enlargement above the parts of the temple, made up wholly a visage non easy to be forgotten. And now in the mer e hyperbole of the prevalent character of these characteristics, and of the look they were wont to convey, put so much of alteration that I doubted to whom I spoke. ( Poe, The Fall Of The House Of Usher, pp. 740-741 ) Edgar Allan Poe s description of Roderick Ussher helps the reader understand and experience what horrors Roderick has seen and what awaits the reader in his stay at the house of Ussher. Edgar Allan Poe uses the integrity of consequence in other manners such as the reading of the Mad Trist where you ( The storyteller ) and Roderick read the narrative merely to hear the noise emanating from outside your chamber door. It is in this portion of the narrative that the terminal of draws near, but non merely that of the narrative but perchance of you. It is in the terminal where Edgar Allan Poe completes his integrity of consequence and succeeds in coaction every facet of the narrative into one feeling at the terminal, that of panic. There did stand the lofty and enshrouded figure of the lady Madeline of Usher. There was blood upon her white robes, and the grounds of some acrimonious battle upon every part of her bony frame. For a minute she remained trembling and staggering to and fro upon the threshold so, with a low moaning call, fell to a great extent inward upon the individual of her brother, and in her violent and now concluding death-agonies, bore him to the floor a cadaver, and a victim to the panics he had anticipated ( Poe, The Fall Of The House Of Usher, p. 750 ) Edgar Allan Poe s short narrative The Fall of the House of Usher uses the integrity of consequence in great lengths to assist the reader honkytonk into the function of the storyteller and genuinely experience the panic in which he felt. Edgar Allan Poe archives this through utilizing assorted descriptive techniques thought the narrative to associate every facet in some manner to the stoping. It is through that ; that Edgar Allan Poe archives his integrity of consequence in the short narrative The Fall of the House of Usher. Edgar Allan Poe used imagination in every one of his Hagiographas to let the reader to wholly plunge themselves into his Hagiographas. In reading any of Edgar Allan Poe s work it becomes obvious that Edgar Allan Poe is in many ways a maestro of imagination. His composing manner differs greatly from any other manner I have of all time seen. Edgar Allan Poe allows the reader to presume to take in each and every one of his plants. One such piece of work is the Corvus corax. In the verse form the Corvus corax, Edgar Allan Poe uses great imagination to portray a felling of horror, of heartache and of lunacy, lunacy brought on by the loss of a love, Lenore. The verse form the Corvus corax Tells of a adult male, a immature poet who is forenoon the loss of his love Lenore. When all of a sudden there was a knock on his door when he goes to inspect it, he shortly finds that there is nil at that place. This goes on repeatedly until the entryway of a Corvus corax, which utters but one word never again . It is with both the Corvus corax and his uttering of nevermore that the poet drives himself into insanity hardening, and pleading with the Corvus corax, that he believes is a courier from the hereafter. In the Corvus corax Edgar Allan Poe uses imagination to let the reader to come in the universe of the immature poet, to delight in the lunacy found within. It is in the 2nd and 3rd stanzas that Edgar Allan Poe uses imagination to portray both the scene and the first tone of horror found in the Corvus corax. Ah, clearly I remember it was in the black December, and each separate deceasing ember wrought its shade upon the floor. Eagerly I wished the morrow ; in vain I had sought to borrow From my books cessation of sorrow sorrow for the lost Lenore For the rare and beaming maiden whom the angels named Lenore Nameless here for evermore. And the satiny sad unsure rustling of each purple drape Thrilled me filled me with antic panics neer felt before ; So that now, to still the whipping of my bosom, I stood reiterating `Tis some visitant biding entryway at my chamber door Some late visitant biding entryway at my chamber door ; This it is, and nil more, ( Poe, The Raven, 1845 ) In these stanzas Edgar Allan Poe begins to depict the scene, the descriptive nature in Edgar Allan Poe s the Corvus corax icinesss my castanetss. In the Corvus corax Edgar Allan Poe used assorted symbols and intimations to take the reader to make an image in their caput and let them to go the poet. One such symbol is the verse form being set in December. December is a cold month, its darkness and its cold, breaths decease. The iciness of the winter dark allows the reader to conceive of a dark cold windy dark, the coals of the fire gently glowing on the floor ; the purple curtains fliting in the air current, each symbol bring you further into the universe of the Corvus corax. This is what Edgar Allan Poe does best ; he used great imagination to portray his overall tone. In the raven each and every line brings the reader deeper and deeper into lunacy. Edgar Allan Poe non merely uses imagination to let the reader to come in a physical image in their head but to besides let the reader to come in an emotional image every bit good. One such illustration is in Edgar Allan Poe s verse form Annabel Lee. In this verse form Edgar Allan Poe describes his love for Virginia dubbed Annabel Lee and the bosom aching brought approximately from her ill-timed decease. It was many and many a twelvemonth ago, In a land by the sea, That a maiden at that place lived whom you may cognize By the name of ANNABEL LEE ; And this inaugural she lived with no other idea Than to love and be loved by me. ( Poe, Annabel Lee, 1849 ) Lines 1-6 ) The Opening stanza in Annabel Lee creates a feeling of love. The repeat of the line In a land by the sea creates a felling of solidarity of importance, that the love between you and Annabel Lee is all that affairs and the love you two portion is in its ain manner a land by the sea, that your love creates a universe a land your land by the sea. The angels, non half so happy in Eden, Went envying her and me- Yes! that was the ground ( as all work forces know, In this land by the sea ) That the air current came out of the cloud by dark, Chilling and killing my Annabel Lee. ( Poe, Annabel Lee, 1849 ) ( Lines 21-26 ) This stanza in Annabel Lee creates the image of a conflict between the celestial spheres and your Annabel Lee. This stanza let the reader to conceive of angels looking down from heaven at your Annabel Lee looking with such hatred, so envy, that they had no other pick but to kill her taking your Annabel Lee. Another thing that this stanza portrays the overall compulsion Edgar Allan Poe had with Virginia ( Annabel Lee ) . To Justify Annabel Lee s decease by saying that the angels envy your love for each other so in bend they took Annabel Lee s life. It is in the verse form Annabel Lee that Edgar Allan Poe allows the reader to place themselves with Poe himself. It is with Annabel Lee that Poe creates a vision within himself one that portrays his life with Virginia and how even in decease Virginia and he will be together. But our love it was stronger by far than the love Of those who were older than we- Of many far wiser than we- And neither the angels in Eden above, Nor the devils down under the sea, Can of all time divide my psyche from the psyche Of the beautiful Annabel Lee. For the Moon neer beams without conveying me dreams Of the beautiful Annabel Lee ; And the stars neer rise but I feel the bright eyes Of the beautiful Annabel Lee ; And so, all the night-tide, I lie down by the side Of my darling- my darling- my life and my bride, In the burial chamber at that place by the sea, In her grave by the sounding sea. ( Poe, Annabel Lee, 1849 ) ( Lines 27- 42 ) From looking at Edgar Allan Poe s life and from analysing Annabel Lee I can clearly see how Edgar Allan Poe uses imagination to make a feeling of an ageless love. It can besides be said that Annabel Lee creates an image of Poe that is all but blandishing, one that portrays Poe and an over obsessional hubby. Who even through decease will both love and be with Annabel Lee. From analysing his life and lifes one can state that Edgar Allan Poe was frantically in love with Virginia, and in composing Annabel Lee, Edgar Allan Poe clearly depicts both his love and compulsion for Virginia. There are many lines in Annabel Lee that show this. Edgar Allan Poe lived a life unlike any other. His life was that of decease and sorrow, of grief and wretchedness. Edgar Allan Poe uses his tragic life as a Muse in all of his pieces of work. The Red Mask of Death, The Raven, Annabel Lee, The Fall of the house of Usher, Etc all of these pieces of work represent a tragic event in Edgar Allan Poe s life. It is in utilizing this Muse that Edgar Allan Poe can make an image so strong that the reader forgets what is existent and what fiction is. It is in making this feeling that Edgar Allan Poe genuinely earns his rubric as a maestro if imagination. So in decision Edgar Allan Poe uses great description, imagination and the integrity of consequence to make a universe for the reader. A universe of horror, of sorrow, of long lost long, that in which none could of all time conceive of a universe of Edgar Allan Poe.

Physical Change Definition in Chemistry

Physical Change Definition in Chemistry A physical change is a type of change in which the form of matter is altered but one substance is not transformed into another. The size or shape of matter may be changed, but no chemical reaction occurs. Physical changes are usually reversible. Note that whether a process is reversible or not is not truly a criterion for being a physical change. For example, smashing a rock or shredding paper are physical changes that cannot be undone. Contrast this with a chemical change, in which chemical bonds are broken or formed so that the starting and ending materials are chemically different. Most chemical changes are irreversible. On the other hand, melting water into ice (and other phase changes) can be reversed. Physical Change Examples Examples of physical changes include: Crumpling a sheet or paper (a good example of a reversible physical change)Breaking a pane of glass (the chemical composition of the glass remains the same)Freezing water into ice  (the chemical formula is not changed)Chopping vegetables (cutting separates molecules, but does not alter them)Dissolving sugar in water (sugar mixes with water, but the molecules are not changed and may be recovered by boiling off the water)Tempering steel (hammering the steel does not change its composition, but does alter its properties, including hardness and flexibility) Categories of Physical Changes Its not always easy to tell chemical and physical changes apart. Here are some types of physical changes that may help: Phase Changes - Altering the temperature and/or pressure can change the phase of a material, yet its composition is unchanged,Magnetism - If you hold a magnet up to iron, youll temporarily magnetize it. This is a physical change because its not permanent and no chemical reaction occurs.Mixtures - Mixing together materials where one is not soluble in the other is a physical change. Note the properties of a mixture may be different from its components. For example, if you mix together sand and water, you can pack the sand into a shape. Yet, you can separate the components of the mixture by allowing them to settle or by using a sieve.Crystallization - Crystallizing a solid does not produce a new molecule, even though the crystal will have different properties from other solids. Turning graphite into a diamond doesnt produce a chemical reaction.Alloys - Mixing together two or more metals is a physical change that is not reversible. The reason alloying is not a chemical change is that the components retain their original identities. Solutions - Solutions are tricky because it may be hard to tell whether or not a chemical reaction has occurred when you mix together the materials. Usually, if there is no color change, temperature change, precipitate formation, or gas production, the solution is a physical change. Otherwise, a chemical reaction has occurred and a chemical change is indicated.

Human Motivation in Organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Human Motivation in Organization - Essay Example On the contrary, an energized person toward a conclusion is regarded as motivated. Most people working with others are concerned with motivation and thereby raising the question of the amount of motivation one has for a task arises. Practitioners foster more motivation in those close to them. The forces, which drive motivation, can occur in different nature: biological, emotional, cognitive, or social2. Individual conduct is at the heart of a person’s motivation and it is so vital in understanding and influencing motivation. Individual behavior is important in comprehending and influencing motivation for a number of reasons. Each person possesses a set of requirements as well as a diverse set of objectives. Individuals conduct themselves in a manner aimed at satisfying their needs and fulfilling their goals. Thus, people behave differently. Businesses, such as firms can provide some of the contentment sought by individuals. For example relationships, personal development, sens e of belonging, and intellectual encouragement among others. Motivation is important for businesses and the best ones have the best-motivated employees. Some characteristics define well-motivated workers: increased productivity, quality work without much wastage, prompt urgency, availability of feedback and suggestions necessary for improvements, and more feedback demands from the management. Motivated employees produce more for a particular resources level than poorly motivated employees do. Such employees make things happen, when they need to and take ownership of their duties. In this regard, my position is that individuals are not simply motivated by money offered to perform given tasks for a firm, but other things can explain why people do things the way they do. Motivational theory can explain why people do things the way they do. Discussion Behavior is directed to and originates from unsatisfied needs. According to Maslow, unsatisfied is the most significant word, he states, â€Å"If we are interested in what actually motivates us and not what has or will, or might motivate us, then a satisfied need is not a motivator.† When behavior is termed goal-oriented, it implies that people feel a need, want, or drive to accomplish something, which results in realization of a goal. However, the question arises if the goal is a part of the self already in existence. It thus questionable if the factor stimulates the need or if the goals as well as the needs are the same thing. A goal is the outcome that one strives to achieve in order to satisfy particular needs. It is the resulting yield, the need, the steering force, which encourages obtaining the result3. A good exemplar is a student aiming to attain an A marks. This goal may display different needs and thus, the student should confirm his or her competence; colleagues may be all scoring A’s thereby forcing this student to wish the same to obtain their esteem, to attain the best, and may be to obta in a scholarship. Therefore, it is hard to deduce goals from needs. Money is sometimes described as a motivator. It represents dissimilar things to diverse people thereby saying that people work for money is worthless. All we should understand is the needs the money is fulfilling, be it survival, success, status, belonging, or a convenient performance scorecard. As noted earlier, conduct is directed to as well as results from unsatisfied

Auditing Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Auditing - Case Study Example Overstating of revenues and the understating of expenses Revenues can be overstated so as to show that the company is doing well and that would attract new shareholders. The shareholders would be attracted by the increased revenues and that would imply that they would also get more dividends from the company because of the god performance of the company. The understating of expenses will mean that the profits of the company will increase and that will be appealing to the shareholders of the company (Kara and David, 178). The above facts will make the area of revenues and expenses more risky because the areas will have a direct effect on the shareholders decision concerning investment decisions. The auditor should carry out all the required procedures to ensure that the financial statements of the company reflect a true and fair view and the information will be useful for the shareholders and other company stakeholders. From the financial statements of the company, the operating incom e from sales has increased from 175.80 in 2011 to 197.40 in 2012. The increase in income is consistent with the increase in the previous years. However, that should not be the case because the margin of increase of tax is more than the other years, which are 33.30 in 2011 to 51.50 in 2012. That could imply that there is a probability that either the revenues were overcastted or the expenses understated and hence the area is a risky area. The company also has a reduced gross margin of 83.30 from 132.40 from 2011 and that could serve as an indicator for further investigations to ensure that there was no under stating of the expenses and the overstating of the incomes listed as other incomes. 2. Understating cost of sales The cost of sales can be understated to show an overstated profit. Cost of sales usually increases because of inefficiency in the company operations. Efficiency usually arises from the machinery that are been used, the company processes and the operations of the emplo yees. The company should ensure that it purchases its raw products at the lowest price possible to keep costs at a low level. The level of efficiency in a company is usually hard to calculate. The efficiency of the machines is usually dependent on a number of factors that may include the age of the machine and the power supply available to the machine. In that case, the auditors should treat the area of the cost of sales as a risky area because if the amounts are understated, the investors are likely to get a loss because of wrong investment decisions. Most investors usually carry out an analysis such as ratio analysis that can be used to endure that the ratios are favorable for the investor. The change in the cost of sales as compared to the prior years as per the financial statements of Stagecoach Company is not consistent. The issue of inconsistent could act as a risky area that needs further investigations and the auditor should analyze that area. The cost of sales has increased to 2507.40 in 2012 from 2257.40 in 2011. However, the operating income of the company in 2012 is greater than that in 2011. 3. Current assets and liabilities The area of current assets and liabilities is a risky area because a company can overstate its current assets and understate the liabilities to make the financial position of a company to be more appealing to investors. That is not a good thing on the part of

The Changing Direction Of Hip Hop Music Essay

The Changing Direction Of Hip Hop Music Essay Popular culture abounds in gender stereotypes. In the mass media, women have often been trivialized, marginalized and presented as inferior to men. Nearly always media depictions of women have relied on the opposition of good vs. bad. Taking into consideration popular music, it has been argued that the naÃÆ' ¯ve portrayal of women that prevailed decades ago has now given way to greater diversity, more complexity, and dramatically mixed messages about the individual female persona and womens roles in society. Despite this, it is still very unlikely for women to be presented as independent, intelligent, or superior to men. Moreover, the sexism is more prevalent and more extreme in some types of media or music genres than in others. One of the most popular hip hop genres, rap music, seems to be expanding the bar of its popularity by presenting extremely misogynistic portrayal of women. In this chapter I will focus on the reasons why this troubling trend have been closely related to h ip hop and what response it have received from the media and various social and political organizations. As indicated in the first and the second chapter many instances of rap songs present a myriad of violent and misogynistic messages. As long as hip hop music grows in popularity its lyrical content can no longer be ignored. Many critics have recently taken a critical look at hip hop phenomenon and the messages rap music conveys. Some, as bell hooks, would argue that rap music can be considered as a backlash on feminism and an attempt to reinforce male supremacy. Others would claim that this music serves to present men superiority over women as a natural and normal hierarchy. According to Patricia Hill Collins, rap can be perceived as one of the controlling images and used as a tool to subordinate black women. It is also argued that raps misogynistic lyrics may serve to justify violent behavior toward black women. Nowadays hip hop is a phenomenon which is spread worldwide. It is produced by giant production companies for mass distribution and consumption targeted to youth. Messages and images presented in this type of music catch attention of all racial groups. That is why the pursuit to impose superiority over black women may be extended to women in general. Images perpetuated in rap music contribute to gendered socialization and may be responsible for reinforcing gender inequality. Glen Ford, the executive editor of the Black Agenda Report electronic journal, claims that the industry executives and producers in order to take the full advantage of the popularity of hip hop and increase sales encourage artists to use provocative, explicit lyrics. Aspiring rappers are being used as raw material for the final product that sells. The whole marketing strategy is usually tailored long before the given rapper signs the contract. The artists image and behavior is adjusted to the current market demands. The rappers persona and the song seem to be just a final touch to the whole marketing process. On the other hand, those artists who do not comply with such a controversial strategy are being marginalized. As a result, rappers often abandon political and social messages and focus on money and sexual exploitative motifs, in response to corporate control. The issue of the music industry being a responsible party for setting disturbing trends in contemporary hip hop is well documented in Hip Hop: Beyond Beats and Rhymes by Byron Hurt. An avid hip hop fan and director of this well acclaimed documentary challenges the big record labels to take responsibility for the destructive sexist images perpetuated in rap hits. The movie consists of numerous revealing discussions with aspiring as well as successful male rappers and hip hop moguls. During one interview, the director asks an aspiring rapper why he would rather turn to violent and misogynistic messages in his songs than political or social issues. The rapper answers that they the industry do not want to hear nor accept that: They usually dont give us deals when we speak righteously. To support this statement, a former president of pioneering hip hop recording company Def Jam Records Carmen Ashhurst, suggests that the emergence of a controversial genre, gangsta rap, was preceded by buying out the minor independent labels which would focus on more ambitious issues in the produced rap songs. Ashhurst states: At the time that we were able to get a bigger place in the record stores, and a bigger presence because of this major marketing capacity, the music became less and less conscious. Nowadays a few entertainment corporations in liaison with corporate dominated radio have gained a total control of the market. Independent labels have little share in the existing market and the most successful ones usually serve as subcontractors to the major labels. They also depend on bigger companies in terms of record distribution and business survival. Tricia Rose, in one of the interviews, claims that young people nowadays are under enormous marketing pressure. Instead of finding the way how to express what they really feel, they are being encouraged how to see their creativity through the marketing logic and how to sell it. They are forced to fit their products into existing marketing demands. Moreover, she claims that in case of black youth this is even more complicated as the corporate spaces for their expression are narrower. The diversity of their representation in music is limited. The industry dictates what can be considered as being real black. This statement seems to be true as in case of white artists it is easy to find them in every category of music, whereas black artists are nearly always associated only with hip hop genres as soul, RB, or rap. Moreover, as Rose claims, white artists are able to perform their individual self, while black artist manifest their blackness in the first place. Such a limited access to avai lable ways of presenting their black identity has led to perpetuation of negative stereotypes that haunt black community. Through the marketing perspective, rap has turned out to be a success but its artistic value has diminished. Yet, in case of sexism hip hop cannot be exclusively held responsible, as this problem pertains not only to the black society. But it is important to note that exploitation of women has become almost a requirement in order to establish rappers identity of a successful, respectable black male artist. Black female rappers in order to fit into the creative spaces available to them are forced to silently agree upon such terms. This is particularly troubling for black females who have been struggling for a long time to refute the image sexualized and exploited by white patriarchal supremacist society. Tricia Rose claims that the rappers cannot be blamed for the oppression of their female counterparts. They only act as the middle men and the prominent music executives are to be blamed for making profits on the negative representation of black society, and predominantly its female part. As stated before, what makes hip hop so appealing is not only the music and beats but mainly its powerful lyrics. According to publicist and political activist, Kevin Powell, the most salient point of the record companies marketing strategy is to make radio stations play the song nationwide over and over again. He notes that many listeners of hip hop would not only buy the popular single or record heard on the radio but they will also grasp the subliminal message conveyed by the lyrics. Powell, by judging the popular male rap lyrics, concludes that the only way one can be a real black man is to act like a hard gangster, women and homosexual hating thug. Objectification of women, as noted in the first chapter, occurs in a great share of top rap hits. The hits that have reached the top charts and sold in millions of copies. This suggests that denigrating women is a successful marketing tool for music industry executives, but in fact the consumers contribute to the selling process. Deni grating portrayal of women together with vicissitudes of the life in the hood partly occur as a response to a supposed consumer demand for symbolic, stereotypical representation of the ghetto and its inhabitants. It is important to note that the fans of rap music are not only young blacks from the ghetto. Many of avid listeners are white youth, who may have little firsthand experience of living in disadvantaged areas. For them hip hop songs may serve as a source of information. One of the white hip hop fans, interviewed by Hurt, admitted that for a representative of upper middle-class white suburban area, rap serves as a means of experiencing completely different culture. The question arises whether rap music can be treated as a reliable basis for evaluation of black culture or those are the industry forces merely responsible for the content of the music. Watkins in his article on black nationalism claims that explicit and misogynistic rap lyrics have revived common beliefs about black social pathology and deviance. The interviewed white hip hop fan also confirmed that in his opinion rap music reinforces racial stereotypes held by many whites. As mentioned before, rap music initially developed out of the experiences of youth in disadvantaged black neighborhoods of the Bronx and aspired to be a real voice of the ghetto. Thus, theoretically speaking, the messages conveyed by rap songs should have mirrored the real life of Americas inner cities. Contemporary hip hop phenomenon is still marketed by the same strategy, as being a reflection of the urban life on the streets. Keith Negus in his article broadly presented how the music industry agents work on their productions to reflect the cultural phenomenon of hip hop. He states that one of the strategy to grasp the real street experience is that the music industry sends its agents into the streets, clubs and other public places of disadvantaged neighborhoods in order to gather information about the newest trends and prevailing issues. Gender relations and violence constitute one of the pervasive concerns of the ghetto context. The harsh conditions of the ghetto may put its residents in sharp mutual conflict and make them turn to unconventional, illegal sources of gaining self-esteem. As argued in the first chapter, economic success and violence are considered one of the ways to gain respect in the ghetto. One of the studies of disadvantaged African-American neighborhoods of the late sixties indicates how crucial it was for the black unpriviliged men to be perceived as superior to women, despite the fact that in some cases such behavior was far from reality. More recent research of Miller and White shows that also today degradation of women shapes gender relations of the inner cities. It is argued that such a way of conduct stems from the set of rules that regulate life in the ghetto. For young men in such neighborhoods, the street code praises sexual achievements, promiscuity, and the exploitation of women: Because of the implications sex has for their local social status and esteem, the young men are ready to be regaled with graphic tales of one anothers sexual exploits. . . . Status goes to the winner, and sex is prized as a testament not of love but of control over another human being. The goal of the sexual conquests is to make a fool of the young woman. . . .[The male] incurs sanctions [from his peers] for allowing a girl to rule him or gain positive reinforcement for keeping her in line. . . . In many cases the more the young man seems to exploit the young woman, the higher is his regard within the peer group. Due to the poor socioeconomic conditions African American men are said to be deprived of the traditional traces of dignity. The street code favors celebration of material success and life of a women-exploiting pimp. Concluding findings listed above, it may be argued that both neighborhood and the industry influences rap lyrical content. As the corporations have been usurping the black mass culture for decades, hip hop seems to be an another product line. The issues as objectification of women have become a troubling global trend. In order to change it, not only the misogynistic nature of hip hop music needs to be revised but also the mass expectation for the product reshaped. As the author of Pimps Up, Hos Down: Hip Hops Hold on Young Black Women, Tracy Sharpley-Whiting claims, nowadays hip hop is only more explicit form in articulating mens conflicted relations with women. The problem boils down to the question of the ideas about masculinity and the role which men have to perform in American culture. She claims that contemporary men and boys feel displaced, as they compete with alpha women and girls in every aspect of life in ways that their fathers and grandfathers did not. Concurrently, she notes that men are in conflict with American ideals concerning manhood and a patriarchal society. Supposedly the only area t hat men feel able to exert power and dominance is in the field of sexuality and violent strength. Physical and sexual degrading attitude towards women, presumably, aims to bring back the balance in the female dominated world. Sharpley-Whiting notes that as much as hip hop have become a rawer form of expression the customers tastes also coarsened. The multi-billion generating music industry caters for these tastes as many rap consumers find degrading women entertaining. Similar point of view is presented by a hip hop culture researcher, Darren Rhym, in his study on gangsta rap and misogyny. He shares the same idea that hatred toward women is triggered by men who struggle to empower themselves.   Gangsta rappers who are notorious for misogynistic and, supposedly, men empowering lyrics, use rap music to define themselves, their lifestyle and outlook on life in general. Gangsta rappers share self-centered views of their community and the world.  Ã‚  They search for the way how to assure themselves as men, same as white men when they become successful.   That is why rappers usually present themselves as being greatly misunderstood victims of the establishment and apply a me against the world approach. By doing so they can claim innocence and adopt power position which enables them to view black women as objects and reasons for their failures. Even though, as it has been stated before, misogyny toward black women is present in the code of the stree t, restructured content of rap music can be used as a powerful tool to rejuvenate gender relations in the ghettos. As it is rather a hard and long-term process to change the socioeconomic conditions under which hip hop is created, it seems to be easier for the media and various institutions to influence the music executives to promote more affirmative content of hip hop songs. Especially that, as Rhymes notes, the most successful rappers who acquired enormous wealth somewhat lose their ghetto credibility. Gangsta rappers commonly identify with the inner-city black community and the hardship of the urban life. However, once a rapper achieves a material success he is no longer a part of the world he raps about.  Frustrated rappers may then look for various topics that will keep them real and connected with the ghetto. The motif of degrading women commonly seen in many rap songs, may be used as a strategy to regain credibility or acceptance of the home community. Needless to say, thi s is a wrong and disturbing technique. There are other topics to rap about that rappers may choose and still remain genuine. They may use their from-rags-to-riches life experience and share it with their underachieving counterparts. Not only will they sound authentic serving as a role model but also inspire pursuit of better life and lifelong dreams among the inhabitants of the inner-cities. It can be noted recently that hip hop is facing an increasing backlash. Such an attitude towards rap in particular has been preceded by many infamous events. The 2005 Academy Award for best original song in a feature film went to Three 6 Mafias controversial Its Hard Out Here For a Pimp from the film Hustle and Flow. The song performed at the Oscars, provoked a strong criticism of hip hop for perpetuation of the exploitation of women. In 2001, white rapper Eminem was awarded a Grammy for his album, The Marshall Mathers LP. As examined in the first chapter, the lyrics in this album contained extreme hostile and misogynistic messages toward women and homosexuals. The award was greatly condemned by many womens social groups. The most shocking and turning point in the rap popularity was the release of infamous video Tip Drill, by a male rapper Nelly. It caused a major havoc when it was first aired in 2003 on the late night show BET Uncut The BET Uncut Show was a television program aired by Black Entertainment Television (BET) during the early 2000. The aim of the show was to promote cheap, overtly sexual and nearly pornographic rap music videos. The videos were made by well-known hip hop artists, as well as by lesser-known artists who would seek for broader recognition. Due to the nature of the shows content it was broadcasted at 3 in the morning. The content and imagery was strictly adult and this surely contributed to the popularity of the show. Despite its appeal the BET Uncut Show was considered by many viewers poor in taste. Many complained the show promoted depiction of women as sex objects. This came to a boil when Nelly released the most infamous video in BET Uncut history. The video, Tip Drill, presented a raunchy, half naked women who danced suggestively with other women and men and pretended to engage in a sexual intercourse. The most controversial part was the moment when Nelly slid his credit card down a womans buttocks. This video hit the height of controversy ever presented in hip hop. Nelly initially had been scheduled to appear during a charity event at Spelman female college in Atlanta, Georgia, to promote bone marrow awareness. When this video aired, he was confronted with a statement from student groups from predominantly black Spelman college that they could have no longer continued to support rappers who presented women as hypersexual objects. Students representatives claimed this attack was not directly aimed at Nelly but they would have rather presented their opposition to the troubling direction into which hip hop was shifting. After hearing the concert would have been boycotted, Nelly canceled his appearance during the event. At the beginning of 2005, the African American womens magazine ESSENCE started a campaign against sexism in rap music. The magazine targeted black women, launched massive critique of the music industry for creating songs and videos that portrayed black women as sex objects. ESSENCE shed light on many instances how the music affected young black girls. The magazine not only expressed its disapproval with the depiction of black women in rap but also requested feedback from readers on ways to challenge it. It also promoted positive hip-hop artists and sponsored public discussions with rap artists. In 2006, Spelman College and ESSENCE magazine joined forces to launch a program Take Back the Music. One of the organized panel sessions hosted scholars as Dr. Tarshia Stanley, assistant professor of English at Spelman; Kevin Powell, author and activist; as well as representatives of the music industry: Michael Lewellen, a vice president of public relations, BET; Brian Leach, a vice president of AR, TVT Records; hip hop artist and actress MC Lyte and the editor of ESSENCE magazine Michaela Angela Davis. The panelists attempted to seek for answers to the questions such as: Where Are We Now? How Did We Get Here? Where Are We Going? The gathering also aimed to examine the visual and lyrical depiction of African American women and the impact that these images had on global community. The main goal was to start a dialog in order to initiate a positive change in hip hop. The discussion was concluded with the statement that producing lyrics and images that counter balance the misogyny could be a step all involved parties could take. The Take Back the Music meeting initiated by ESSENCE inspired discussion on the increasingly popular musical genre at various levels. Soon after the program had been launched more institutions brought up the issue of healing the hip hop from misogyny. In 2006 Berkley College of Music also took the effort and joined the movement encouraging new directions for rap. The school included in its curriculum the class that would be devoted to critical thinking and social impact of black music. The change in the curriculum turned out to be a success as the classes filled up immediately. The college also aimed to provide summer program scholarships to the winners of ESSENCEs hip-hop songwriting contest. Cynthia Gordy, an assistant editor of the magazine, found the contest important as the young college artists are the future of hip hop. The initiative has been also endorsed by a range of the underground artists and organizations as the Boston Hip-Hop Alliance, a group that supports positive hi p-hop artists and community organizations. Although the positive hip hop movement have been successfully ignited the real change still needs to be executed by the big record companies who dictate what is being produced. There are many popular and talented rappers whose lyrics depart from misogynistic messages. Tracy Sharpley-Whiting names a few as: Common, Talib Kweli, Mos Def, Brother Ali, Zion I, Mr. Lif or Lupe Fiasco. These rappers in their songs avoid messages about violence, misogyny or importance of material success. Through their rhyming skills, they would rather call for unity and activism of the black American society. As Sharpley-Whitng rightly claims, what we hear on the radio is not the only hip hop available. These artists do not produce as many records as 50 Cent, or Eminem and that says more about the consumers than it does about the rappers. According to Scherazade Daravulla King, a director of Bostons Project: Think Different a group focused on production of positive hip-hop ESSENCE as a media organization cannot create a movement: The media needs to be connected to grass-roots efforts working to promote positive images and positive messages, and I think thats where its kind of missing the boat. There are still plenty of hip-hop artists that are true to their roots and the history of the genre. We just need to work to amplify those records. Thomas F. DeFrantz, an associate professor of music and theater arts at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, finds the critiques of hip hop as essential. Concurrently, he points out the fact that the music industry is not the only responsible party for passing the negative message through hip-hop.   He claims that there must be something more than just chasing the financial profits as: People love having sex and talking about sex. There were also instances where the program launched by ESSENCE faced less optimistic and tougher audience. Such scenario happened during a heated debate titled Images of Women in Hip Hop at the Fashion Institute of Technology in New York in 2005. The panelists included rapper Remy Ma, underground emcee Jean Grae, author and radio personality Karen Hunter, ESSENCE editor Akiba Solomon and DJ Beverly Bond. The program ended up shortly after it had started as panelists and audience members fiercely struggled to articulate their opinions. Over 300 attendees listened nervously to the panelists debated on hip-hops approach toward women before loudly voicing their own ideas. Interestingly, the audience seemed to be equally divided. Younger people would tend to claim that hip-hops depiction of women accurately reflects the behavior of many females, while older attendees, who may have remembered what hip hop used to mean, blamed the contemporary raps content for negative effects on the behav ior of both young men and women. Unfortunately, the panel ended up without mutual consensus, leaving many listeners disappointed. The conclusion drawn from the meeting may be that the community does not ignore the fact that women are being presented in negative light and feel the need to discuss the issue in details. Looking back at the history, the critical approach to hip hop seems to be nothing new. In the beginning, rap was considered by many not a real music but just a noisy behavior. But the criticism rarely came from the youthful audience itself whose identity was defined by this genre like no other. Nowadays hip hop faces an unprecedented backlash. Although the turning point is hard to be clearly identified, after 30 years of growing popularity, rap music is now battling with an alarming sales decline and growing criticism about the cultures negative effect on society. The popular rapper Nas, challenged the condition of rap by giving a thought provoking title to his latest album Hip-Hop is Dead. According to recent statistics, this title may be closer to the truth than ever. Music sales are down in general, but rap sales slid an alarming 21 percent from 2005 to 2006. For the first time in 12 years no rap album was among the top 10 sellers of the year. The author of Hip Hop Generation, Bakari Kitwana says that it is a natural consequence as the members of hip hop generation grow older and are less eager to defend it.. The study conducted by the Black Youth Project in 2006 indicated that a majority of youth thought rap consisted of too many aggressive images. In the same year, a poll of black Americans by The Associated Press and AOL-Black Voices, showed that 50 percent of respondents said hip-hop was a negative force in American society. This radical shift may have been partially caused by the lack of balance and consistency in presented images. The avid listeners may have had enough of the dark side of hip hop. Another point why black community is turning its back on hip hop may be, as noted by Baltimore Sun pop critic Rashod D. Ollison: The music, dances and images in the video are clearly reminiscent of the era when pop culture reduced blacks to caricatures: lazy coons, grinning pickaninnies, sexually super-charged bucks. Howeve r, it is hard to predict whether the dropping sales trend continues in a long run as, according to Ollison, America is sick and loves violence and sex. It may seem that the only instances of hip hop being discussed broadly in the media are its misogynistic, violent lyrics and explicit videos. However, some critics see the positive sides in hip hop. Bakari Kitwana in his book The Hip Hop Generation compares hip hop cultural phenomenon to the civil rights movement and proves its great potential to impact social change. He enumerates great public events that have shown how hip hop can extend its impact beyond popular culture and influence on the politics serving as a strong unifying tool. For instance, in 1997 the rap group The Fugees held a fund and awareness raising concert on behalf of Haitian charity organizations. Another example of how strong hip hop can talk to the minds of young people is the case of Mumia Abu Jamals fight for justice. He was sentenced to death in 1982 for killing a white policeman who engaged in confrontation with Jamals brother. Jamals supporters claimed that the fact he was a former Black Panther made him re ceive an unfair trial. He did not admit to having committed the crime, and claimed he had been set up for his political past. His rally for justice was supported by many rappers. Their songs permeated with critical opinions of penal system and reached the minds of their fans. By giving this example Kitwana argues that rap may serve as an informative tool and influence many young peoples opinions regarding the death penalty and racial inconsistencies of American justice. Nevertheless, hip hop is still more likely to be geared at controversy and money making by the executive moguls and rap artists themselves. Kitwana states that the hip hop generation, comprised of African Americans born in 1965-1984, need a national organization, one that would not only take advantage of the great economic power of the hip-hop industry but also focus on issues of education, employment, injustice and crime. To support this claim, Kitwana, in one of the interviews, underlines the success of Russell Sim mons Hip-Hop Summit Action Network which helped the United Federation of Teachers and the Alliance for Quality Education gather nearly 100,000 people to protest against New York Mayor Mike Bloombergs $358 million cut in education subsidy. The protest was personally supported by hip hop stars such as Sean P. Diddy Combs, Alicia Keys and LL Cool J. The event was not only recognized by the press but also brought about a feasible effect. The demonstration made Mayor Bloomberg restore $298 million to his initial budget proposal. Although the importance of this event is significant, there is still a lot to do for hip hop generation to catch on politics according to Kitwana. He claims that hip hop cultural phenomenon, if wisely led, can surpass the achievements of the civil rights movement. Indeed, the whole hip hop generation stands on the solid foundation grounded by the success of civil rights and Black Power activists. Yet, hip hop seems to be a more active and rebellious way of expres sion. It may become a political movement as its greatest power is the ability to spread the word quickly and influence the masses. It provides the most relevant outlook on the present issues of the inner cities. In the early beginnings it may have been considered just a meaningless noisy trend. However, the past twenty years have revealed how powerful and long-lasting this trend is. Not only has it become acknowledged in the mainstream America but also has had a massive impact at an international level. This phenomenon may provide new black leaders with an access to unparalleled force of economic power and broad audience of followers which hip hop culture has generated. On the other hand, according to Kitwana, the major problem is that the work of black political activists of this generation is still undermined by the celebrity culture. He claims that the synergy of politics and hip hop should not be about rappers becoming political leaders. The rappers can act as a stimulus force a s in case of the Million Man March, where many black men appeared partly because rappers made it fashionable to support black causes. The rappers should not be leaders but their appearance during such events may help to catch the medias attention on important, troubling issues of black society. Kitwana hopes that perhaps then the media will divert the perception of hip hop as being just violent and misogynistic: Poor black people, especially young blacks of this generation, have not had a voice until the emergence of rap. If you can get past pimps and hos, hip-hop conveys the message of poor people not having jobs and having inadequate education . . . but that other message of pimps and hos is overshadowing that. Kitwana admits that there are two sides to hip hop. He is not defending it, nor accusing of being violent or misogynistic. Although he also sees the negative impact of it in terms of anti-black images or glorification of material success, he is more focused on stressing the positive impact of hip hop. He outlines the possibilities this phenomenon can provide to rejuvenate black society. He rightly notes that the music is contradictory but so are the messages the society is exposing its people to. He claims that young people have turned to music and films in order to look for answers on how to be young and black. That is why these media should be used wisely in order to fill the young minds with right answers for their troubling questions. Conclusion Rap is not just music, it is a part of African-American culture.  It has also proven to be a very inspirational phenomenon for young people. Initially it has developed to reflect the real life of the American inner-cities. Along with growing popularity of the beats and rhymes