Archaea as a Group of Single-Celled Microorganisms Essay - 2

Archaea as a Group of Single-Celled Microorganisms - Essay Example Methanogens produce methane and thermophile Archaea thrive in environments with very high temperatures. Throughout the essay, an extensive overview of the reasons as to why the Archaea have been classified as Prokaryotes will give. In addition, the essay covers the evolution of the Archaea and relation to Eukaryotes and Bacteria. Lastly, the discussion will elaborate on the reasons why Archaea are classified as extremophiles. Gottschalk G. (2012). Archaea and bacteria have a similarity in the cell structure. To be exact, Archaea have shown no difference with the Gram-positive bacteria in terms of cell structure. This could be the reason as to why Archaea is under the prokaryotic domain because is held together by a single unit of a lipid membrane with a very heavy layer sacculus. Through the diagrams above, the similarities in the cell structure of the Archaea and Bacteria can be seen. A further link through research has shown that some Archaea species like Viz Thermoplasma contain staining of the Gram-positive bacteria species, for instance, Viz mycoplasma. Just like most prokaryotes, Archaea has a small cellular size because it lacks the nucleus (Koonin et al., 1997). This makes their locomotion very swift because it can take up the shape of an object. It can also change its form depending on the surrounding to avoid harm. In research findings, it has been established that about 65% of the genes in a species of Archaea M.janaschii are found in most of the bacteria with only 7% being in Eukarya. Even though Archaea shows uniqueness in its gene composition, the same is a trend is evident in most prokaryotic genomes. Basing the argument using the prokaryotic homolog only, then the phylogenetic tree can actually prove that there is a very close relationship between Archaea and Gram-positive bacteria. This, however, shows that the Gram-negative bacteria have little similarities with the Archea. Signature sequences in the diversity of the protein structure have been used to show the unique relationship between the Gram-positive bacteria and the Archaea.

African Americans health disparities Essay Example for Free

African Americans health disparities Essay In 2010, the death rate for blacks was higher (25. 0 per 100,000) compared with any other racial ethnicity group (3. 0 whites). Blacks represented 49% of all deaths with HIV in 2010. A recent study showed that blacks diagnosed with HIV are less likely than other groups to be linked to care, retained in care, receive antiretroviral treatment and achieve adequate viral suppression. African American Males African American men accounted for 42% of HIV cases diagnosed among men in 2011. A majority (72%) of African American men with HIV contracted the disease by male to male contact while 19% contracted HIV through heterosexual exposure. African American Females Among African American women, high risk heterosexual contact was the most frequently cited mode of transmission, accounting for 89% of cases diagnosed in 2011. More Information: ?HIV/AIDS TOPIC SITE ?HIV/AIDS AND AFRICAN AMERICANS ?HIV/AIDS STATISTICS AND SURVEILLANCE Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD) Gonorrhea In 2010, 69% of all reported cases of gonorrhea occurred among blacks. The rate of gonorrhea among blacks in 2010 was 432. 5 cases per 100,000 population, which was 18. 7 times the rate among whites (23. 1). This disparity has changed little in recent years. This disparity was larger for black men (22.2 times) than for black women (16. 2 times). Chlamydia In 2010, the overall rate among blacks in the United States was 1,167. 5 cases per 100,000, a 4. 0% increase from the 2009 rate of 1,122. 2 cases per 100,000. The rate of chlamydia among black women was over seven times the rate among white women (1,536. 5 and 205. 1 per 100,000 women, respectively). The chlamydia rate among black men was almost 11 times the rate among white men (761. 8 and 69. 9 cases per 100,000 men, respectively). Syphilis During 2009–2010, the rate of primary and secondary (PS) syphilis among blacks decreased 8. 7% (from 18. 4 to 16. 8 cases per 100,000 population). In 2010, 47. 4% of all cases reported to CDC were among blacks and 31. 0% of all cases were among whites. The overall 2010 rate for blacks was eight times the rate for whites, while the 2009 rate was 9. 2 times the rate for whites. In 2010, the rate of PS syphilis among black men was 7. 1 times the rate among white men; the rate among black women was 21 times the rate among white women. In 2010, the rate of congenital syphilis was 33. 1 cases per 100,000 live births among blacks. Race/ethnicity for cases of congenital syphilis is based on the mother’s race/ethnicity. This rates was 12. 3 times the rate among whites (2. 7 cases per 100,000.live births). More Information: ?STD TOPIC SITE ?STDS AND HEALTH DISPARITIES ?STD SURVEILLANCE REPORT ?STDS IN RACIAL AND ETHNIC MINORITIES Viral Hepatitis Acute Hepatitis A During the past 10 years, there has been little difference between the rates of acute hepatitis A among white non-Hispanics and black non-Hispanics. The 2011 rates for these groups were 0. 29 and 0. 27 cases per 100,000 population, respectively. Acute Hepatitis B In 2011, the rate of acute hepatitis B was highest for Black non-Hispanics (1. 4 cases per 100,000 population). Acute Hepatitis C During 2002–2010, the incidence rate of acute hepatitis C remained below 0. 5 cases per 100,000. The rate of hepatitis C among Black non-Hispanics increased 27. 3% (to 0. 14 case per 100,000 population in 2011). More Information: ?VIRAL HEPATITIS TOPIC SITE ?SURVEILLANCE REPORT FOR VIRAL HEPATITIS Tuberculosis (TB) In 2010, 84% of all reported TB cases occurred in racial and ethnic minorities. Non- Hispanic blacks or African Americans accounted for 24% of TB cases in 2010. African Americans make up approximately 14% of the U. S. population, but accounted for 40% of TB cases in U. S. -born persons. Overall, 11,182 TB cases were reported to CDC from the 50 states and the District of Columbia in 2010.

College Alcohol Use Essay Example for Free

College Alcohol Use Essay Summary: Argumentative essay on the topic of drinking on campus. Compares the consequences versus the benefits of alcohol consumption by college students. Drinking on campus is a problem that affects most college students, either directly or indirectly. I, for one, am against drinking on campus. As a student of Stevens Institute of Technology, I can say that drinking on campus is as rampant as a fire in a toothpick factory. Several friends of mine at colleges around the country tell me that their schools face the same problems. Here, at Stevens, much to the college communitys surprise, we had a snow day in February. The night before our well-deserved day off, a Tuesday, most of the general Stevens populous got drunk. That wouldnt have been so bad if everyone locked themselves in their rooms and drank to their livers content, but it was not so. In addition to getting wasted, everyone partied all night, with music blasting and partiers yelling. Needless to say, it wasnt a good night for anyone trying to get some sleep. The whole night wasnt wasted though; it was fun watching inhibition-less people wander around. On a trip to the bathroom, I saw one guy making a fool of himself trying to get together with this girl. Ten minutes later, that same person walked into my room and sat down on my chair. He then told me to get out of his room. A friend of mine had a similar experience. A drunken resident stumbled into his room and fell down on his bed, saying, I think Ill crash here tonight. Luckily, he got up and decided to leave before my friend beat the alcohol out of him. Upon reaching the door, it took him a good 10 seconds before he realized that the knob was on the other side. While I realize that college students generally dont have it easy and they need to unwind every now and then, large consumption of alcohol simply isnt the answer. I suppose its OK to go out and have a drink every now and then, but many people take that to an extreme. Plain and simple, the statistics disfavor drinking on campus. Perhaps the most stunning statistic is the fact that fourteen-hundred college students between the ages of eighteen and twenty-four die each year from unintentional, alcohol-related injuries, the majority of which includes car crashes. Thats not surprising when coupled with the fact that 2. 1 million students drove under the influence last year. Five hundred thousand more are inadvertently injured under the influence of alcohol and six hundred thousand students are assaulted by another student who has been drinking. Approximately twenty-five percent of college students accredit low academic performance to alcohol and thirty-one percent of students met criteria for a diagnosis of alcohol abuse. Another huge impact of alcohol is sexual abuse. In excess of seventy-thousand students fell victim to alcohol-related rape and sexual assault. Four hundred thousand students had unprotected sex and twenty five percent of them say they were too drunk to even remember if they consented to it. Property damage is another plague brought unto colleges by alcohol abuse, especially here at Stevens, where several card-readers that allow access to residence halls were destroyed on several occasions. Around eleven percent of student drinkers say they have committed vandalism of property while drunk. Many administrators also report that their campuses have an increasing problem with alcohol-related property damage. Alcohol inevitably leads to health problems. More than one hundred and fifty thousand students develop alcohol-related health problems and almost 1. 5% of these students have attempted suicide. Five percent of college students are involved with the police for alcohol-related issues and an estimated one hundred and ten thousand students have been arrested as a result of their drinking. In conclusion, although I recognize the pro- side to this debatable issue, I think that the consequences of drinking far outweigh the pleasures. Drinking should not be allowed on college campuses.

Differences Between Personnel Management And Human Resource Management Essay

Differences Between Personnel Management And Human Resource Management Essay Nowadays, we can see some changes that we all have experienced in social, political, economic and technological aspects in depth especially to the style and management regime of their goals that a company must make to achieve maximum impact of the rapid changes in the industry. In our research paper we are concentrating on researching about the comparison between Personnel Management and Human Resource Management, it is related to the phrase the same wine, only different bottles. In this topic, we will try to clearly explain what is meant by the term Human Resource Management (HRM) and Personnel Management (PM), and clarify the differences and similarities between the both of them. Our research begins with some differences and similarities of Personnel Management and Human Resource Management according to some references from the internet and books to apply to the phrase the same wine, only different bottles . Besides that, we will give our argument in favor to one of the approach to managing employees. In our argument we believe that Human Resource Management will be preferred to managing employees and we will give some our idea of Human Resource Management to help us in the future . We also have some examples to prove and demonstrate own opinions regarding our topic. Finally, we will have a conclusion summarize our research. Differences Personnel Management and Human Resource Management As we all know nowadays, management is very important in hospitality industry as well as the other industries. According to our research, we can find some differences between Personnel Management and Human Resource Management. We highlighted some of the differences for example, Human Resource Management create a more flexible condition whilst Personnel Management establishes rules and regulations. (Blurtit, 2007-2010), (Storey, 1995) First of all, Personnel Management is a combination of a traditional routine, and it can also include reporting to administrative job as well as it is applied to support managers, while Human Resource Management does not only focus in the importance of employees, but also about the importance of obtaining continuous benefits for organizations management team. (Blurtit, 2007-2010), (Storey, 1995) According to the theory of Human Resource Management in planning perspective, it was also said that Personnel Management can be described as a reactive and it provides response to demands and concerns in a management, another way is a psychological contract which needs compliance from managers. For Personnel Management however, it includes procedures, consistency and audit, which mean that Personnel Management will usually need to take a look and let the employees know their responsibilities of the team or department, and they will also need to think about the emotions of their employees for example, how can they do or what are they thinking about their job. With Human Resource Management actions include to set up and organize needs, flexibilities and commitments, which are related to the strategies for managers and the development organizations of their team, it is proactive and long, and it is related to continuous development policies with purposes of improving to manpower. (Blurt it, 2007-2010), (Storey, 1995) Now we move to control system of both of Personnel Management and Human Resource Management. In theory, Personnel Management has external control which they usually find some help from other function instead of dealing with it by themselves. By contrast, Human Resource Management is self control, which means for example, when a company has a problem they will be able to solve it by themselves and they do not need any support from the other departments or other teams. (Blurtit, 2007-2010), (Storey, 1995) The relationship between management and employees under Personnel Management rather than monitoring and control, because Personnel Management are like pluralist so they need to do a lot of different functions and normally Personnel Management have some difference in space amongst their employees for example, Personnel Management have some divide class with employee, sometime they think that their employees are not good enough to solve problems so they will contact the management instead of their employees and that is why there will be low trust from their employees. With Human Resource Management, they normally care about the benefits of an establishment so they tend to always to listen their employees and they also care about improving the problem of employee satisfaction, interest in working groups and effective for employee job, active participation, evaluation and reward policies and training cost for example, how can the employees control the work, so this is why we think that H uman Resource Management is individual and has high trust from their employees. (Storey, 1995), (Blurtit, 2007-2010) Personnel Management prefers a structure that is bureaucratic, which means that it always follows any decisions and they normally think they are always true so they are said to be a defined role in their job and Human Resource Management is a more organic and flexible role because Human Resource Management creates a good team work and they can help employees feel comfortable in their work, as we mentioned before Human Resource Management is a very flexible role because if their employees are not good for working, they can help send their employees for training to elevate their talent, for example. Human Resource Management is more individualistic. (Blurtit, 2007-2010), (Storey, 1995) These are some major differences between Personnel Management and Human Resource Management as we have researched and explained before. Here is a summary of some main points according to what we have researched from Guest (1987) identifies the differences as: Long-term rather than short term Psychological commitment rather than compliance Self control rather than external control Unitarian rather than pluralist Organic rather than bureaucratic Integration rather than specialist The Similarities of Personnel Management and Human Resource Management Human Resource Management is defined as an administrative activity that relates with human resources planning, recruitment, selection, orientation, training, appraisal, motivation, providing benefits and incentives, etc. Human Resource Management aims at developing people through work. (Businessdictionary.com, 2010) Although so, there have been many attempts to define what exactly Human Resource Management might be and as stated by Heery and Noon (2001): It has been recognized that Human Resource Management is a subject of considerable academic analysis and that, ultimately, there is no common agreement on what Human Resource Management actually means. (Heery Noon, 2001, p.161) According to Heery and Noon, there are a few definitions which they feel capture the complication and dynamism of Human Resource Management: It is seen as simply being another name for personnel management and there is nothing different or special about it. A convenient shorthand term that allows for the assemblage of a whole series of sub-disciplines that are mostly concerned with people management: such as employee relations, labour relations, personnel management and organizational behavior. Used as a map to help guide to understand the concept and ideas associated with the management of people. Set of professional practices suggests that there are a range of personnel practices that can be integrated to ensure a professional approach to managing people. A method of ensuring internal fit again sees the need to co-ordinate approaches to people management, also with other areas of the organization. A method of ensuring external fit where the activities have to be fully integrated with the demands of the external environment. A competitive advantage where by an organization can gain competitive advantage, a view best captured by the clichà © of our people are our greatest asset. A market-driven approach is that decisions will often be market driven and the needs of the business determine the manner in which employees are treated. Manipulative device sees it as inherently exploitative and manipulative. (Heery Noon, 2001) However, Personnel Management is defined as an administrative discipline of hiring and developing employees so that they become more valuable to the organization. Personnel management includes conducting job analysis, planning personnel needs, recruitment, selection, orienting, training, managing wages and salaries, providing benefits and incentives, appraising performances, resolving disputes and communicating with all employees at all levels. (businessdictionary.com, 2010) There is not much of a difference between the two as it was said that the newer alternative term Human Resource Management has been used rather than Personnel Management, reflecting the increased importance of this function in labor-intensive, service-sector industries. Here are the similarities between Human Resource Management and Personnel Management: Planning employees needs In charge of the recruitment and the selection of staff In charge of the orientation and training of staff Manage employees wages and salaries Assess employees (appraisal) Motivate and have constantly communication with employees Provide benefits and incentives for employees In addition, according to Armstrong (1992) there are similarities between the Human Resource Management and Personnel Management that has been summarized below: Both of their strategies result from the business strategy Both need line managers in order to manage people One of their basic process is to put the right people into the right jobs Both they use almost the same techniques such as rewarding, training, appraisal, etc. Personnel Management prefers the soft version of Human Resource Management which stresses the significance of constant communication with the employees as well as respect for the individual. (Armstrong, 2000) The same wine, only different bottles In this case, we agree that both Human Resource Management and Personnel Management are the same wine, only different bottles. This means that it is just the names that are different, but the job descriptions and objectives are the practically the same. It is just stated that the Human Resource Management has a broader scope compared to Personnel Management yet what they do are basically the same, managing people. As stated above, both of their strategies result from the business strategy, both need line managers in order to manage their people in their organization, put the right people into the right jobs, manage their employees wages and salaries, they use almost the same techniques such as motivating, orienting, training, appraisal, etc. of their staff, as well as providing benefits and incentives for employees. (N. Madison, 2003-2010) Human Resource Management is Preferred for Managing Employees From the differences and similarities stated above, we strongly believe that Human Resource Management is the first-rate choice and that it should also be the favourable management for managing employees in every organization. Reasons are as follows: Human Resource Management is the most effective way of managing people Human Resource Management is ideal in hiring the right people for the right positions in the organization Any problems or complications that occur in an organization, the Human Resource Management are the ones to turn to, to simplify them Human  Resource Management involves ongoing strategies to manage and develop an organizations workforce Human Resource Management is proactive as constant improvement of functions and policies is important for the development of employees Employees of an organizations managers of all levels often involve themselves and their main goal is to have managers from a range of departments to develop the essential skills to handle  every staff-related task Having  Human  Resource Management in an organization, primary motivators like work groups, strategies for meeting challenges and job creativity are perceived Human resource management does not only focus in the importance of employees, but also about the importance of obtaining continuous benefits for organizations management team Finally we have summarized a few points of Human Resource Management to help us in the future. They are as follows: People are the most important assets that a business has. The success of the enterprise depends on the effectiveness of the people management of you-including the management of myself, managing employees, customers, suppliers and lenders as how? Supply management, work environment you provide for your employees and how to communicate the values and goals will determine your success and the success of the business. To achieve the objectives and implementation of strategic plans you need to link closely the personnel policies and procedures with business objectives. For example, you need to know when and why to recruit staff, what you expect from them, you will be rewarded and / or discipline employees can do to achieve their strategic business goals. Conclusion For the conclusion of our research, we believe that Human Resource Management it the best choice for managing employees. In addition, we also believe that if all the organizations in every industry use Human Resource Management, it is definitely better than Personnel Management in ways of their functions. For example, it can make their department harmonious and they can recruit the best people for the right positions. Also, the trouble of your organization can easily be fixed through the Human Resource Management department. This is because Human Resource Management are meant to and always there to manage their employees that they have as well as for their future employees, in every way possible. From our research, we found that with the ways of Human Resource Management, the employees find it easier to realize their values towards an organization. However, we also found that the Personnel Management and the Human Resource Management have their own way of management even though they have the same objectives. Last but not least, we strongly agree that Human Resource Management is more effective than compared to Personnel Management based on the examples and the history that we have mentioned above. This project gave us the opportunity to understand more about the Human Resource Management and Personnel Management, and its effects on an organization. This is also very important for us to acquire the knowledge which we will definitely need for our future undertakings in the working industry.

Essay --

Forgotten women activists This section will highlight some of the women who were active in the civil rights movement as well as the roles they played. Because the events of the civil rights movement were quite immeasurable, it is often hard to name every single person involved. Consequently, some people who advocated for the beliefs of the civil right movements were often left out of the discussion unless their case made it to mainstream media. It does not mean that they served as a lesser influence or didn’t contribute as much; it simply means that the courageous act that they performed did not receive universal recognition due to not being present in the media sources. No matter how big or small their contributions seemed to be, collectively, they all contributed to our freedom today. The first person that comes to mind is Claudette Colvin. Colvin was the fist African American to resist white officials and remained seated when asked to give her seat to a white American. She was later arrested for the lack to comply with the segregation law of Montgomery, Alabama. She served as an inspiration for other people to stop being passive when dealing with the white Americans. The civil rights movement still quite new and no one had stepped up yet, quite possibly due to fear. When discussing the bus boycotting and how it began, Colvin is not mentioned because her incident did not receive any news coverage. Among four other women, she was required to attend a federal court case Browder v. Gayle, which determined that segregation laws in Montgomery were unconstitutional due to the fourteenth amendment that gave equal rights under the law. The case later went to the Supreme Court who made the same ruling, confirming the decision made in f... ... During Dr. King’s fight for the advancement and equality of African Americans, Scoot-King stood by his side in support of the cause. In many situations, she was in attendance at countless events and mass meetings that her husband was featured in despite the fact that she had three young children in that timeframe. This is also true about the actions sponsored by the NAACP as well as other organizations that stood for the rights and equal treatment of African Americans. Even after his death, Coretta Scott King continued to stand for the ideas that her husband imparted into the hearts and minds of black people. Until her passing in 2006,strived to keep his legacy alive by continuing to attend seminars, meetings, and demonstrations in order to enforce the equal treatment of African Americans. He has even served as a keynote speaker on the subject in several occasions. Essay -- Forgotten women activists This section will highlight some of the women who were active in the civil rights movement as well as the roles they played. Because the events of the civil rights movement were quite immeasurable, it is often hard to name every single person involved. Consequently, some people who advocated for the beliefs of the civil right movements were often left out of the discussion unless their case made it to mainstream media. It does not mean that they served as a lesser influence or didn’t contribute as much; it simply means that the courageous act that they performed did not receive universal recognition due to not being present in the media sources. No matter how big or small their contributions seemed to be, collectively, they all contributed to our freedom today. The first person that comes to mind is Claudette Colvin. Colvin was the fist African American to resist white officials and remained seated when asked to give her seat to a white American. She was later arrested for the lack to comply with the segregation law of Montgomery, Alabama. She served as an inspiration for other people to stop being passive when dealing with the white Americans. The civil rights movement still quite new and no one had stepped up yet, quite possibly due to fear. When discussing the bus boycotting and how it began, Colvin is not mentioned because her incident did not receive any news coverage. Among four other women, she was required to attend a federal court case Browder v. Gayle, which determined that segregation laws in Montgomery were unconstitutional due to the fourteenth amendment that gave equal rights under the law. The case later went to the Supreme Court who made the same ruling, confirming the decision made in f... ... During Dr. King’s fight for the advancement and equality of African Americans, Scoot-King stood by his side in support of the cause. In many situations, she was in attendance at countless events and mass meetings that her husband was featured in despite the fact that she had three young children in that timeframe. This is also true about the actions sponsored by the NAACP as well as other organizations that stood for the rights and equal treatment of African Americans. Even after his death, Coretta Scott King continued to stand for the ideas that her husband imparted into the hearts and minds of black people. Until her passing in 2006,strived to keep his legacy alive by continuing to attend seminars, meetings, and demonstrations in order to enforce the equal treatment of African Americans. He has even served as a keynote speaker on the subject in several occasions.

The Friendship of Gilgamesh and Enkidu Essay -- The Epic of Gilgamesh,

The Epic of Gilgamesh is a historic story of the king of Uruk, Gilgamesh. The story depicts the short lived friendship of Gilgamesh and Enkidu. The story begins as Shamat the harlot seduces Enkidu and convinces him to go to the city of Uruk and meet Gilgamesh. From that moment on, the two were very close. They planned a trip to the forest of cedars to defeat the monster known as Humbaba so that Gilgamesh could show his power to the citizens of Uruk. However, Enkidu tried â€Å"vainly to dissuade† (18) Gilgamesh in going to the forest. Despite Enkidu’s plead, the two continued on their voyage to the forest where Humbaba lives. Once they arrived, they found the monster and killed him. They cut down trees, â€Å"then Enkidu builds a gigantic door†¦as a gift to Enlil.† (44) Upon their arrival to Uruk, Ishtar the goddess of sex, love and warfare wanted to wed Gilgamesh. In spite of this, Gilgamesh did not feel the same and did not wish to marry her. Ishtar was so upset with the decision of Gilgamesh that she sent down the â€Å"Bull of Heaven† (50) to kill him. The bull ultimately met its’ demise when Gilgamesh and Enkidu killed it. Of all of the events that occurred, the gods were not pleased. After the bull was killed and the cedar trees were cut, Enkidu had to be seen by the gods in council. Thus, the decision that Enkidu must die because of these acts was established. (53) The death of his friend is unreal to Gilgamesh. Thorkild Jacobsen points out that â€Å"†¦it touches him in all its stark reality, and Gilgamesh refuses to believe it.† (Thorkild Jacobsen, â€Å"And Death The Journey’s End,† 191) Gilgamesh goes on to seek eternal life. Death had never been a topic he had to deal with. Jacobsen explains, â€Å"death, fear of death, has become an ob... ...ves after him. There is a measure of immortality in achievement, the only immortality man can seek.† (Jacobsen, 196) The whole reason Gilgamesh takes this journey to search for eternal life is due to the death of Enkidu, with whom he was close with. Before all of the events occurred, Gilgamesh had never thought about the topic of death. It’s as if it never crossed his mind; as though he would live forever. He went through phases along his journey. The first was not accepting reality, the second was fighting for eternal life, and the last was accepting reality. Now, his aspirations for immortality are no longer apparent as he enters the last stage. Works Cited Thorkild Jacobsen, "'And Death the Journey's End': The Gilgamesh Epic" â€Å"The Epic of Gilgamesh,† trans. and ed. Benjamin R. Foster, A Norton Critical Edition, New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2001

Historical Fiction in B for Buster by Iain Lawrence :: essays research papers

Throughout our lives we encounter dilemmas which help us learn the real meaning of courage, which differs with every person. Courage is not the absence of fear, but rather the judgment that something else is more important than fear. This could be interpreted that courage isn't committing an act of temerity without a reason, however, it is facing your fears to accomplish something which is more important than fear itself. Throughout the book B for Buster by Iain Lawrence, the main character of the novel learns the real meaning of courage through his acts of temerity in order to achieve something which is important to him. This novel takes place during World War II, when an underage sixteen year old signs up to become a crewman in the Halifax bombing of Nazi Germany. Although he is young, Kak makes it through his missions through his courage and determination to accomplish his dream and his love for flying. Lawrence uses characterization and many examples from the novel to show the t rue meaning of courage. An example of courage, as the judgment that something else is more important than fear, is through the character of Kak in B for Buster by Iain Lawrence. In this novel, Kak is characterized as a young, determined boy, desiring to turn himself from a comic book reading boy into a World War II hero. Planning to escape his drunken, abusive father, Kak enlists himself in the Canadian Air Force although he is underage and only sixteen years old. During his first mission, he is becomes frightened of the risk of not coming home alive, but doesn?t show his emotions because of his austere, intrepid crewmen. During this mission, Kak did not have an absence of fear, but he felt that becoming a hero like the ones in his comic book, and accomplishing his dream of fly, was more important than his fear of dying. Throughout the novel, Kak exhibits many examples of how he overcomes his fears. Previous to one of his missions he states that: ?When I was still in school I read a story about a boy who had to Choose between two doors. Behind one of them was a beautiful princess who would love him forever. Behind the other was a tiger who would kill him. I didn?t remember anything else about the story, only those two doors and the boy?